Cell Reproduction

• The ratio of surface area to volume limits the size of a cell.
• The letters inside a Punnett square represent the genotypes of the offspring.
• Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction.
• In the context of organism development, "differentiate" means to develop for specific jobs.
• Cells become specialized through differentiation.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell Cycles

• The prokaryotic cell cycle differs from the eukaryotic cell cycle
• The prokaryotic cell cycle is different since cell division doesn't involve the division of the cell nucleus.
• A cancerous tumor forms when control over the cell cycle breaks down.
• Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical.
• The stages of mitosis occur in the following order: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
• Apoptosis causes the cell cycle to stop.
• Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell during anaphase.
• The first cell in the diagram contains two pairs of homologous chromosomes.
• Meiosis results in haploid cells.
• Flowers with the genotype WW are white, and flowers with the genotype RR are red.

Flower Inheritance

• RW is the genotype of pink flowers
• The inheritance of color for pink flowers is controlled by incomplete dominance.

Matching Definitions

• Allele: form of a gene.
• Genetics: the study of heredity.
• Probability: likelihood that a particular event will occur.
• Gene: factor that is passed from parent to offspring.
• Heterozygous: Aa
• Cancer: a condition in which cells grow uncontrollably.
• Mitosis: division of cell nucleus.
• Interphase: time between cell growth and division.
• Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm of a cell.

Hamster Genetics

• A male hamster (Dd, straight fur) and a female hamster (dd, curly fur) produce offspring
• Shows complete the Punnett square to determine the possible offspring genotypes.
• The probability that the hamsters' offspring will have straight fur is 50%.
• A male hamster needs to have a dd genotype to produce only offspring with curly fur with a female hamster.

Clink Family Blood Types

• Mr. Clink is type "O", Mrs. Clink is type "A."
• Their children are Matthew (A), Mark (O), and Luke (AB).
• The second allele of Mrs. Clink's genotype is determined by Luke's blood type.
• Luke cannot be the biological son of these parents.

Hemophilia

• Hemophilia is an X-linked trait.
• Females: normal (XHXH), carriers (XHXh), or have hemophilia (XhXh).
• Males will have hemophilia (XhY) or be normal (XHY); they cannot be carriers.
• Crosses should be performed to determine the probability of children inheriting hemophilia.
• The sex of a child with hemophilia can be determined based on the parents' genotypes.

Calico Cats

• The gene for calico cats is codominant.
• Females: B and R genes result in black and orange splotches on a white coat.
• Males: black or orange coats only, never calico.
• A calico female's genotype is XBXR.
• Crosses should be performed to determine the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from calico and orange cats.

Fruit Fly Eye Color

• In fruit flies, red eye color (XR) is dominant to white (X').
• Crosses between homozygous red-eyed females and white-eyed males should be performed.
• Genotypes of parents, and the number of offspring with specific traits should be determined.