Cell Reproduction Chapter 10
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Questions and Answers

What is binary fission?

Asexual prokaryote reproduction; DNA replicates, cell gets longer, membrane closes in-between.

What is a septum?

Separates the daughter organisms in binary fission.

What is binary fission?

Asexual prokaryote reproduction; DNA replicates, cell gets longer, membrane closes in-between.

What is a septum?

<p>Separates the daughter organisms in binary fission (dividing wall name).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is binary fission?

<p>Asexual prokaryote reproduction where DNA replicates and the cell gets longer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a septum in binary fission?

<p>It separates the daughter organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which eukaryotic cell cycle event is missing in binary fission? A) Cell growth B) DNA duplication C) Karyokinesis D) Cytokinesis

<p>Karyokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

FtsZ proteins direct the formation of a ______ that will eventually form the new cell walls of the daughter cells. A) Contractile ring B) Cell plate C) Cytoskeleton D) Septum

<p>Cell plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the common components of eukaryotic cell division and binary fission.

<p>DNA duplication, segregation of duplicated chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasmic contents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are duplicated bacterial chromosomes distributed into new daughter cells?

<p>The chromosomes move from the replicated points and attach to the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are chromosomes formed?

<p>DNA is tightly packed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are histones?

<p>Proteins that DNA is wrapped around as it forms chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chromatin?

<p>DNA that condenses to form chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous chromosomes?

<p>Matched pairs of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

<p>A unit passed down from parents that determines some characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype?

<p>An arrangement of chromosomes according to length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

<p>The cell accumulates DNA, energy, and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the S phase?

<p>DNA is replicated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the G2 phase?

<p>The cell replenishes energy and synthesizes proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the M phase?

<p>The period during which cell division takes place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the stages of mitosis in order.

<p>Interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during interphase?

<p>A period of cell growth and normal activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during prophase?

<p>Chromosomes become visible and centrioles move to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during metaphase?

<p>Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during anaphase?

<p>Sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase?

<p>Chromosomes gather at opposite ends and lose their distinct shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between animal and plant cells during mitosis?

<p>Plant cells form a cell plate; animal cells have centrosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the G0 phase?

<p>Cells that never or rarely divide are in this phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do cell cycle checkpoints check for?

<p>G1: cell size and nutrients; G2: cell size and DNA replication; Spindle Assembly Checkpoint: chromosome attachment to fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cyclin?

<p>A protein that regulates the timing of the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are proto-oncogenes?

<p>Genes that code for positive cell regulators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are oncogenes?

<p>Genes that cause a cell to become cancerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are tumor suppressor genes?

<p>Segments of DNA that prevent uncontrolled cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Reproduction Overview

  • Binary fission is an asexual reproductive process in prokaryotes involving DNA replication and cell elongation before membrane closure.
  • A septum is a dividing wall that separates daughter organisms in binary fission.
  • Karyokinesis, the division of a cell nucleus during mitosis, is absent in binary fission, as prokaryotes lack a nucleus.

Eukaryotic Cell Division Components

  • Common components shared between eukaryotic cell division and binary fission: DNA duplication, chromosome segregation, cytoplasmic division.
  • Duplicated bacterial chromosomes attach to the cell membrane for distribution into new daughter cells.
  • Chromosomes form through tightly packed DNA, often wrapped around histones, which are proteins that help condense DNA into chromatin.

Chromosomes and Genes

  • Homologous chromosomes consist of matched pairs that carry genetic information.
  • Genes are hereditary units determining specific traits passed from parents to offspring.
  • A karyotype is a visual representation of chromosomes arranged by length.

Phases of the Cell Cycle

  • G1 phase involves accumulation of DNA, energy, and proteins, preparing the cell for division.
  • S phase is dedicated to DNA replication.
  • G2 phase focuses on energy replenishment, protein synthesis, organelle duplication, and cytoskeleton dismantling.
  • M phase is when actual cell division occurs, encompassing mitosis.

Mitosis Stages

  • Interphase serves as a preparatory phase for mitosis, where cells grow and replicate DNA.
  • Prophase is the first and longest phase where chromosomes become visible and centrioles migrate to poles.
  • Metaphase sees chromosomes align at the cell's equator, connecting to spindle fibers.
  • Anaphase involves sister chromatids separating into individual chromosomes and moving apart.
  • Telophase marks the end of mitosis with chromosomes gathering at opposite poles, forming two nuclear membranes.

Differences in Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis

  • In plant cells, a cell plate forms during division.
  • Animal cells utilize centrosomes during mitosis.

Cell Cycle Regulation

  • G0 phase is for cells that do not frequently divide.
  • Checkpoints in the cell cycle monitor:
    • G1 for cell size and nutrient availability.
    • G2 for DNA replication and cell size.
    • Spindle Assembly for chromosome-fibre attachment.
  • Cyclins regulate the timing of transitions between cell cycle phases.
  • Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that promote cell growth, while oncogenes can cause cancer.
  • Tumor suppressor genes prevent uncontrolled cell division by counteracting oncogene effects.

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Test your knowledge on key terms and concepts related to cell reproduction, particularly focusing on binary fission and its processes. This quiz covers definitions and important distinctions in prokaryotic reproduction and the eukaryotic cell cycle. Ready to challenge yourself?

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