Cell Physiology Lecture 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest unit of a pure substance?

Element

Molecule

Atom (correct)

Ions

Which level of organization consists of many similar cells working together to perform a specific function?

Tissue level (correct)

Organ level

Cellular level

System level

What is an organ composed of?

One tissue type

A group of organs

Two or more tissue types (correct)

Many similar cells

How many major organ systems are there in the human body?

11 Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of organization that includes all chemical substances necessary for life?

Chemical level Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic function of cells in the human body?

To perform almost all functions of human physiology Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a tissue?

A group of many similar cells Signup and view all the answers

What level of organization consists of an anatomically distinct structure composed of two or more tissue types?

Organ level Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

Transmission and expression of genetic information Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of carbohydrates in the total mass of most human cells?

1% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the cell membrane?

Phospholipids and cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of triglycerides in adipocytes?

Energy storage Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of lipids in the total cell mass?

2% Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

Synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbohydrates in cell nutrition?

Structural functions Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a cell's composition is typically made up of proteins?

10% to 20% Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical structure of a cell as seen by the light microscope?

Nucleus – Cytoplasm – Cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is NOT typically found in cells?

Zinc Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

To separate the cytoplasm from the surrounding fluids Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major parts of a cell?

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a cell's composition is typically made up of water?

70% to 85% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the collective substances that make up a cell?

Protoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of cells?

Regulating body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the cytoplasm?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a specific function of estrogen receptors in target organs?

Enabling the response of specific organs to hormonal stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of white blood cells?

Fighting infectious diseases and foreign objects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a site where white blood cells can be found?

Muscular system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of gas exchange in the lungs?

Simple diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood cells is responsible for preventing and stopping bleeding?

Platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of production of white blood cells?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the branch of biology known as physiology?

The functions and activities of life or of living matter Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a group of identical cells organized together?

Tissue Signup and view all the answers

How many different kinds of specialized cells are found in the human body?

Around 200 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a group of tissues organized together for a common purpose?

Organ Signup and view all the answers

What is human physiology primarily concerned with?

The specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between human physiology and medicine?

Human physiology links the basic sciences with medicine Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of organization that comes after cells in the hierarchy of living organisms?

Tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of physiology?

The study of the functions and activities of life or of living matter Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Physiology

Physiology is the branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or living matter and the physical and chemical phenomena involved.
Human physiology is the science that explains the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being.

Levels of Organization

Chemical level: Includes atoms, ions, and molecules necessary for life.
Cellular level: A cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism, with many different types of cells (e.g., muscle, nerve, blood, etc.).
Tissue level: A tissue is a group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
Organ level: An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types, performing one or more specific physiological functions.
System level: An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body, with 11 major systems in the human body.

Cell Physiology

The basic living unit of the body is the cell.
Cells are the building blocks of the body, providing structure for the body’s tissues and organs, ingesting nutrients and converting them to energy, and performing specialized functions.
A cell is composed of three major parts: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and Cell membrane.
Protoplasm, the collective substance of the cell, is composed mainly of five basic substances: Water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Protoplasm Components

Water: 70% to 85% of the cell's composition.
Electrolytes: Important ions in the cell include potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, and calcium.
Proteins: 10% to 20% of the cell mass, divided into structural and functional proteins.
Lipids: 2% of the cell mass, mainly phospholipids and cholesterol, forming the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers.
Carbohydrates: 1% to 3% of the cell mass, playing a major role in cell nutrition and structural functions.

Cell Structure

Nucleus: The control center for the cell, responsible for transmitting and expressing genetic information encoded in DNA.
Nucleolus: The site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the nucleus.

Specialized Cells

Blood cells: Three main types - Red blood cells (erythrocytes), White blood cells (leukocytes), and Platelets (thrombocytes).
Red blood cells: Collect oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to body tissues through gas exchange by simple diffusion.
White blood cells: Help the body fight infectious disease and foreign objects in the immune system.
Platelets: Bind together to prevent and stop bleeding when they recognize damaged blood vessels.

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of cell physiology, including the definition of human physiology, cell composition, and the three basic components of a cell.