Cell Physiology Lecture 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest unit of a pure substance?

  • Element
  • Molecule
  • Atom (correct)
  • Ions
  • Which level of organization consists of many similar cells working together to perform a specific function?

  • Tissue level (correct)
  • Organ level
  • Cellular level
  • System level
  • What is an organ composed of?

  • One tissue type
  • A group of organs
  • Two or more tissue types (correct)
  • Many similar cells
  • How many major organ systems are there in the human body?

    <p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of organization that includes all chemical substances necessary for life?

    <p>Chemical level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic function of cells in the human body?

    <p>To perform almost all functions of human physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a tissue?

    <p>A group of many similar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of organization consists of an anatomically distinct structure composed of two or more tissue types?

    <p>Organ level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>Transmission and expression of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of carbohydrates in the total mass of most human cells?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the cell membrane?

    <p>Phospholipids and cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of triglycerides in adipocytes?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of lipids in the total cell mass?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

    <p>Synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carbohydrates in cell nutrition?

    <p>Structural functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a cell's composition is typically made up of proteins?

    <p>10% to 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical structure of a cell as seen by the light microscope?

    <p>Nucleus – Cytoplasm – Cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is NOT typically found in cells?

    <p>Zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cell membrane?

    <p>To separate the cytoplasm from the surrounding fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major parts of a cell?

    <p>Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a cell's composition is typically made up of water?

    <p>70% to 85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the collective substances that make up a cell?

    <p>Protoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of cells?

    <p>Regulating body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the cytoplasm?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a specific function of estrogen receptors in target organs?

    <p>Enabling the response of specific organs to hormonal stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of white blood cells?

    <p>Fighting infectious diseases and foreign objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a site where white blood cells can be found?

    <p>Muscular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>Simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood cells is responsible for preventing and stopping bleeding?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of production of white blood cells?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the branch of biology known as physiology?

    <p>The functions and activities of life or of living matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of identical cells organized together?

    <p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different kinds of specialized cells are found in the human body?

    <p>Around 200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of tissues organized together for a common purpose?

    <p>Organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is human physiology primarily concerned with?

    <p>The specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between human physiology and medicine?

    <p>Human physiology links the basic sciences with medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of organization that comes after cells in the hierarchy of living organisms?

    <p>Tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of physiology?

    <p>The study of the functions and activities of life or of living matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physiology

    • Physiology is the branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or living matter and the physical and chemical phenomena involved.
    • Human physiology is the science that explains the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being.

    Levels of Organization

    • Chemical level: Includes atoms, ions, and molecules necessary for life.
    • Cellular level: A cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism, with many different types of cells (e.g., muscle, nerve, blood, etc.).
    • Tissue level: A tissue is a group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
    • Organ level: An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types, performing one or more specific physiological functions.
    • System level: An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body, with 11 major systems in the human body.

    Cell Physiology

    • The basic living unit of the body is the cell.
    • Cells are the building blocks of the body, providing structure for the body’s tissues and organs, ingesting nutrients and converting them to energy, and performing specialized functions.
    • A cell is composed of three major parts: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and Cell membrane.
    • Protoplasm, the collective substance of the cell, is composed mainly of five basic substances: Water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

    Protoplasm Components

    • Water: 70% to 85% of the cell's composition.
    • Electrolytes: Important ions in the cell include potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, and calcium.
    • Proteins: 10% to 20% of the cell mass, divided into structural and functional proteins.
    • Lipids: 2% of the cell mass, mainly phospholipids and cholesterol, forming the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers.
    • Carbohydrates: 1% to 3% of the cell mass, playing a major role in cell nutrition and structural functions.

    Cell Structure

    • Nucleus: The control center for the cell, responsible for transmitting and expressing genetic information encoded in DNA.
    • Nucleolus: The site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the nucleus.

    Specialized Cells

    • Blood cells: Three main types - Red blood cells (erythrocytes), White blood cells (leukocytes), and Platelets (thrombocytes).
    • Red blood cells: Collect oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to body tissues through gas exchange by simple diffusion.
    • White blood cells: Help the body fight infectious disease and foreign objects in the immune system.
    • Platelets: Bind together to prevent and stop bleeding when they recognize damaged blood vessels.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of cell physiology, including the definition of human physiology, cell composition, and the three basic components of a cell.

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