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Questions and Answers
What is the smallest unit of a pure substance?
What is the smallest unit of a pure substance?
Which level of organization consists of many similar cells working together to perform a specific function?
Which level of organization consists of many similar cells working together to perform a specific function?
What is an organ composed of?
What is an organ composed of?
How many major organ systems are there in the human body?
How many major organ systems are there in the human body?
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What is the level of organization that includes all chemical substances necessary for life?
What is the level of organization that includes all chemical substances necessary for life?
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What is the basic function of cells in the human body?
What is the basic function of cells in the human body?
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What is the definition of a tissue?
What is the definition of a tissue?
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What level of organization consists of an anatomically distinct structure composed of two or more tissue types?
What level of organization consists of an anatomically distinct structure composed of two or more tissue types?
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What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
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What is the approximate percentage of carbohydrates in the total mass of most human cells?
What is the approximate percentage of carbohydrates in the total mass of most human cells?
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What is the primary component of the cell membrane?
What is the primary component of the cell membrane?
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What is the main function of triglycerides in adipocytes?
What is the main function of triglycerides in adipocytes?
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What is the approximate percentage of lipids in the total cell mass?
What is the approximate percentage of lipids in the total cell mass?
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What is the function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?
What is the function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?
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What is the role of carbohydrates in cell nutrition?
What is the role of carbohydrates in cell nutrition?
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What percentage of a cell's composition is typically made up of proteins?
What percentage of a cell's composition is typically made up of proteins?
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What is the typical structure of a cell as seen by the light microscope?
What is the typical structure of a cell as seen by the light microscope?
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Which of the following ions is NOT typically found in cells?
Which of the following ions is NOT typically found in cells?
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What is the main function of the cell membrane?
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
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What are the three major parts of a cell?
What are the three major parts of a cell?
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What percentage of a cell's composition is typically made up of water?
What percentage of a cell's composition is typically made up of water?
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What is the term for the collective substances that make up a cell?
What is the term for the collective substances that make up a cell?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of cells?
Which of the following is NOT a function of cells?
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What is the main component of the cytoplasm?
What is the main component of the cytoplasm?
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Which of the following is a specific function of estrogen receptors in target organs?
Which of the following is a specific function of estrogen receptors in target organs?
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What is the primary function of white blood cells?
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a site where white blood cells can be found?
Which of the following is NOT a site where white blood cells can be found?
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What is the primary mechanism of gas exchange in the lungs?
What is the primary mechanism of gas exchange in the lungs?
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Which of the following blood cells is responsible for preventing and stopping bleeding?
Which of the following blood cells is responsible for preventing and stopping bleeding?
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What is the site of production of white blood cells?
What is the site of production of white blood cells?
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What is the primary focus of the branch of biology known as physiology?
What is the primary focus of the branch of biology known as physiology?
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What is the term for a group of identical cells organized together?
What is the term for a group of identical cells organized together?
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How many different kinds of specialized cells are found in the human body?
How many different kinds of specialized cells are found in the human body?
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What is the term for a group of tissues organized together for a common purpose?
What is the term for a group of tissues organized together for a common purpose?
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What is human physiology primarily concerned with?
What is human physiology primarily concerned with?
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What is the relationship between human physiology and medicine?
What is the relationship between human physiology and medicine?
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What is the level of organization that comes after cells in the hierarchy of living organisms?
What is the level of organization that comes after cells in the hierarchy of living organisms?
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What is the definition of physiology?
What is the definition of physiology?
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Study Notes
Physiology
- Physiology is the branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or living matter and the physical and chemical phenomena involved.
- Human physiology is the science that explains the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being.
Levels of Organization
- Chemical level: Includes atoms, ions, and molecules necessary for life.
- Cellular level: A cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism, with many different types of cells (e.g., muscle, nerve, blood, etc.).
- Tissue level: A tissue is a group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
- Organ level: An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types, performing one or more specific physiological functions.
- System level: An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body, with 11 major systems in the human body.
Cell Physiology
- The basic living unit of the body is the cell.
- Cells are the building blocks of the body, providing structure for the body’s tissues and organs, ingesting nutrients and converting them to energy, and performing specialized functions.
- A cell is composed of three major parts: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and Cell membrane.
- Protoplasm, the collective substance of the cell, is composed mainly of five basic substances: Water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Protoplasm Components
- Water: 70% to 85% of the cell's composition.
- Electrolytes: Important ions in the cell include potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, and calcium.
- Proteins: 10% to 20% of the cell mass, divided into structural and functional proteins.
- Lipids: 2% of the cell mass, mainly phospholipids and cholesterol, forming the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers.
- Carbohydrates: 1% to 3% of the cell mass, playing a major role in cell nutrition and structural functions.
Cell Structure
- Nucleus: The control center for the cell, responsible for transmitting and expressing genetic information encoded in DNA.
- Nucleolus: The site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the nucleus.
Specialized Cells
- Blood cells: Three main types - Red blood cells (erythrocytes), White blood cells (leukocytes), and Platelets (thrombocytes).
- Red blood cells: Collect oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to body tissues through gas exchange by simple diffusion.
- White blood cells: Help the body fight infectious disease and foreign objects in the immune system.
- Platelets: Bind together to prevent and stop bleeding when they recognize damaged blood vessels.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of cell physiology, including the definition of human physiology, cell composition, and the three basic components of a cell.