Cell Physiology and Osmolarity Quiz

<p>Concentration of impermeable solutes in the ECF. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tonicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seconds to minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal Convoluted Tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HCO3-/Cl- exchanger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alkalosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type A Intercalated Cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replenishment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmotic attraction of water, leading to polyuria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water loss and dehydration due to osmotic diuresis trigger the thirst response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breakdown into glucose as the primary metabolic fuel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enabling serum glucose to enter into cells for energy production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It temporarily develops during pregnancy, while type 1 and type 2 diabetes are typically chronic conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulated appetite (polyphagia) due to cellular starvation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive glucose concentration in the serum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilization by cells for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmotic diuresis due to the presence of glucose in the renal tubules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as amphoteric molecules, capable of both donating and accepting hydrogen ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxyl groups release hydrogen ions (H+). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino groups bind to hydrogen ions (H+). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By eliminating $CO_2$, shifting the bicarbonate buffer system equilibrium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$H^+$ concentration decreases as $H^+$ forms into water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases respiratory rate and depth by activating medullary chemoreceptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases respiratory rate and depth by activating peripheral chemoreceptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suppressed respiratory rate and depth, leading to an increase in $H^+$ concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory acidosis, due to carbon dioxide retention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory alkalosis due to decreased $CO_2$ levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic respiration of glucose leading to lactic acid formation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a mechanism for the respiratory system to influence blood pH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overall suppression, potentially leading to disorientation and coma. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paraesthesia, muscle twitching, or spasms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme activity may be either increased or decreased, potentially affecting reaction rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It influences the excretion or reabsorption of $H^+$ ions, thereby regulating blood pH. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver Metabolism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By regulating the rate and depth of breathing, which affects $CO_2$ levels and thus $H^+$ concentration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediately converting strong acids or bases into weaker ones to minimize pH changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to an increased concentration of $H^+$ ions, potentially leading to acidosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tonicity describes how a solution affects cell volume based on solute concentration.

An isotonic solution keeps cell volume unchanged because solute concentration is equal to that inside the cell.

A hypertonic solution causes a cell to shrink due to a higher solute concentration outside the cell.

A hypotonic solution causes a cell to swell because there is a lower solute concentration outside the cell.

Osmolarity refers to the total concentration of solute particles in a solution.

Fluid transfer occurs quickly across cell membranes, balancing osmotic differences in seconds to minutes.

Conditions leading to fluid imbalance include excessive intake, dehydration, and renal dysfunction.

A form of diabetes insipidus where the hypothalamus drives thirst constantly.

Diabetes insipidus that occurs temporarily during pregnancy.

Glucose is the primary metabolic fuel for cells, derived from food or liver stores.

Insulin allows glucose to enter cells, regulating blood sugar levels.

A group of diseases resulting in insufficient insulin production or use.

An autoimmune condition where the body doesn't produce insulin.

A condition characterized by insulin resistance and often linked to obesity.

Increased thirst caused by dehydration from excessive urination.

Excessive urination due to glucose attracting water osmotically.

A system that helps maintain pH balance in urine by buffering H+ ions.

Cells in the collecting duct that secrete H+ into urine and regulate acid-base balance.

Process that produces ammonium ions and bicarbonate ions in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).

The process of removing bicarbonate ions from the body during alkalosis, involving type B intercalated cells.

A transporter that facilitates the movement of bicarbonate and chloride ions across cell membranes.

Intracellular and plasma proteins that buffer pH changes.

Substances that can act as both acids and bases.

Hemoglobin helps stabilize blood pH by binding H+.

Respiratory system adjusts CO2 to regulate blood pH.

Increased PCO2 activates medullary chemoreceptors to boost breathing.

Increased plasma H+ from acidosis activates peripheral chemoreceptors.

Condition caused by hypoventilation leading to higher CO2 levels.

Condition caused by hyperventilation leading to decreased CO2 levels.

In CO2 unloading, reaction shifts left; H+ forms water, reducing acidity.

Alkalosis decreases respiratory rate, increasing H+ concentration.

H+ is produced mainly from metabolism, including protein breakdown, lactic acid production, and fat metabolism.

Phosphoric acid, lactic acid, and ketone bodies are by-products of metabolism that produce H+.

H+ is released when CO2 is converted to HCO3- in the blood.

Normal blood pH range is 7.35 to 7.45.

Acidosis is when pH drops below 7.35, leading to CNS suppression and disorientation.

Alkalosis occurs when pH rises above 7.45, causing hyperexcitability of the nervous system.

Enzyme activity can increase or decrease significantly when pH levels are abnormal.

Changes in H+ levels can lead to arrhythmias due to K+ and H+ exchange in kidneys.

Three mechanisms control free hydrogen ions: chemical buffers, brain stem respiratory centers, and renal mechanisms.

Chemical buffer systems immediately neutralize H+ fluctuations in the blood.