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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
How does the Golgi apparatus modify proteins?
How does the Golgi apparatus modify proteins?
What is the appearance of the rough endoplasmic reticulum under an electron microscope?
What is the appearance of the rough endoplasmic reticulum under an electron microscope?
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What distinguishes the convex face of the Golgi apparatus from the concave face?
What distinguishes the convex face of the Golgi apparatus from the concave face?
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Which statement about the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is true?
Which statement about the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is true?
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What important role does the rough endoplasmic reticulum play in the cell?
What important role does the rough endoplasmic reticulum play in the cell?
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In which cells would you expect the Golgi apparatus to be most developed?
In which cells would you expect the Golgi apparatus to be most developed?
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What types of vesicles are formed from primary lysosomes when they fuse with bacteria or viruses?
What types of vesicles are formed from primary lysosomes when they fuse with bacteria or viruses?
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What color does Orcein stain for elastic fibers?
What color does Orcein stain for elastic fibers?
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Which function of lysosomes involves the breakdown of old organelles?
Which function of lysosomes involves the breakdown of old organelles?
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Which type of lysosome is characterized as having a single membrane and is newly formed?
Which type of lysosome is characterized as having a single membrane and is newly formed?
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Which of the following stains can be used to visualize reticular fibers?
Which of the following stains can be used to visualize reticular fibers?
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What type of proteins form pathways for water-soluble substances across the cell membrane?
What type of proteins form pathways for water-soluble substances across the cell membrane?
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Which process requires energy to transport substances against their concentration gradient?
Which process requires energy to transport substances against their concentration gradient?
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What is the role of lysosomes in relation to inactive hormones?
What is the role of lysosomes in relation to inactive hormones?
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How does osmic acid stain within a cell?
How does osmic acid stain within a cell?
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What is the primary origin of hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosomes?
What is the primary origin of hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosomes?
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What color does Best's carmine stain glycogen?
What color does Best's carmine stain glycogen?
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What is the function of the surface coat of the cell membrane?
What is the function of the surface coat of the cell membrane?
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Which structure in cells are considered non-living temporary structures?
Which structure in cells are considered non-living temporary structures?
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What structure in the mitochondria increases the surface area for enzyme deposition?
What structure in the mitochondria increases the surface area for enzyme deposition?
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Which type of transport involves the engulfing of large particles by the cell?
Which type of transport involves the engulfing of large particles by the cell?
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What is the outer covering of the cell membrane rich in carbohydrates called?
What is the outer covering of the cell membrane rich in carbohydrates called?
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Which organelle is responsible for ATP production?
Which organelle is responsible for ATP production?
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Which lipid component is incorporated with the non-polar end of the cell membrane?
Which lipid component is incorporated with the non-polar end of the cell membrane?
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What is the primary focus of histology?
What is the primary focus of histology?
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Which type of microscope has the highest resolution power?
Which type of microscope has the highest resolution power?
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What characterizes the structure of the cell membrane as seen under an electron microscope?
What characterizes the structure of the cell membrane as seen under an electron microscope?
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What is the primary role of mitochondria within a cell?
What is the primary role of mitochondria within a cell?
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Which component of the cell membrane contributes to its selective permeability?
Which component of the cell membrane contributes to its selective permeability?
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What is the maximum magnification power of a light microscope?
What is the maximum magnification power of a light microscope?
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What type of stain is hematoxylin classified as?
What type of stain is hematoxylin classified as?
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Which stain can be used to color living structures within a living animal?
Which stain can be used to color living structures within a living animal?
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What differentiates a supravital stain from a vital stain?
What differentiates a supravital stain from a vital stain?
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What does resolution power refer to in microscopy?
What does resolution power refer to in microscopy?
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Which type of stain is a combination of both acidic and basic stains, often used for blood cells?
Which type of stain is a combination of both acidic and basic stains, often used for blood cells?
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Study Notes
Mitochondria
- Organelles responsible for energy production and cell respiration.
- Contain DNA and RNA essential for mitochondrial replication.
- Number of mitochondria varies with cell activity; abundant in liver cells (1000-2000 per cell).
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Comprises two types: Rough ER and Smooth ER.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
- Membranous organelles involved in protein synthesis.
- Appears basophilic due to ribosomes; consists of membrane-bound tubules and vesicles.
- Functions include:
- Protein synthesis and condensation.
- Protein transfer to Golgi apparatus.
- Formation of lysosomes via hydrolytic enzymes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
- Lacks ribosomes and is not visible in light microscopy.
- Functions include:
- Lipid and cholesterol synthesis and storage.
- Steroid hormone synthesis.
- Glycogen storage and formation in muscle and liver.
- Detoxification of drugs and hormones in liver.
- Ca2+ regulation for muscle contraction.
Golgi Apparatus
- Membranous organelle acting as a secretory system, particularly in protein-forming cells.
- Stains negatively when using common histological methods; appears as flattened vesicles in microscopy.
- Functions include:
- Concentration and modification of proteins and lipids from ER.
- Carbohydrate coupling of proteins and lipids.
Histology
- Study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
- Various types of microscopes used:
- Light microscope (maximum magnification of X 1000).
- Electron microscope (maximum magnification of X 100,000).
Staining Techniques
- Cells require staining for visibility in microscopy. Common types include:
- Acidic stains (e.g., eosin) for staining basic structures.
- Basic stains (e.g., hematoxylin) for staining acidic structures.
- Neutral stains (e.g., Leishman's stain) for blood cells.
- Vital stains for living structures.
- Specific stains for certain substances (e.g., glycogen, lipids).
Cell Structure
- The cell is the smallest functional and structural unit of living tissues.
- Contains cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles.
- Organelles play vital roles in cellular processes, categorized as membranous and non-membranous.
Cell Membrane
- Composed of a lipid bilayer (30% lipids, 60% proteins, 10% carbohydrates).
- Functions include selective permeability, substance transport (active and passive), and cell recognition.
Lysosomes
- Membranous organelles rich in hydrolytic enzymes, often called the cell's digestive system.
- Numerous in phagocytic cells.
- Formed from rough ER, transported to Golgi before becoming primary lysosomes.
- Functions include:
- Digestion of nutrients.
- Defense against pathogens.
- Removal of damaged organelles.
- Autolysis post-mortem.
- Activating inactive hormones.
Conclusion
- Understanding cellular components and their functions is critical in histology and medical research.
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Description
Explore the crucial roles of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in cellular functions. This quiz covers their structures, functions, and significance in energy production and protein synthesis. Ideal for students studying cell biology.
