Cell Organelles: Mitochondria and ER Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Synthesis and storage of lipids

Synthesis of steroid hormones

Detoxification of drugs and hormones

Responsible for protein synthesis (correct)

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Formation of lysosomes

Synthesis and storage of cholesterol (correct)

Transfer of proteins to Golgi apparatus

Concentration of proteins

How does the Golgi apparatus modify proteins?

By modifying proteins with carbohydrates (correct)

By coupling proteins to lipids

By condensing proteins into vesicles

By synthesizing ribosomes

What is the appearance of the rough endoplasmic reticulum under an electron microscope?

Membrane-bounded tubules with attached ribosomes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the convex face of the Golgi apparatus from the concave face?

Concave face receives transfer vesicles (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is true?

It is responsible for detoxification in muscle cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What important role does the rough endoplasmic reticulum play in the cell?

Condensation and packing of proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

In which cells would you expect the Golgi apparatus to be most developed?

Secretory cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What types of vesicles are formed from primary lysosomes when they fuse with bacteria or viruses?

Heterolysosomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What color does Orcein stain for elastic fibers?

Brown (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which function of lysosomes involves the breakdown of old organelles?

Autolysis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lysosome is characterized as having a single membrane and is newly formed?

Primary lysosomes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stains can be used to visualize reticular fibers?

Silver stain (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins form pathways for water-soluble substances across the cell membrane?

Integral proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which process requires energy to transport substances against their concentration gradient?

Active transport (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomes in relation to inactive hormones?

They convert inactive hormones into active forms. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does osmic acid stain within a cell?

It stains myelin sheath black (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary origin of hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosomes?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (D) Signup and view all the answers

What color does Best's carmine stain glycogen?

Red (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the surface coat of the cell membrane?

Cell recognition (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in cells are considered non-living temporary structures?

Inclusions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the mitochondria increases the surface area for enzyme deposition?

Cristae (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport involves the engulfing of large particles by the cell?

Phagocytosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer covering of the cell membrane rich in carbohydrates called?

Cell coat (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for ATP production?

Mitochondria (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which lipid component is incorporated with the non-polar end of the cell membrane?

Cholesterol (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of histology?

To examine the microscopic structure of normal tissues (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscope has the highest resolution power?

Electron microscope (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the structure of the cell membrane as seen under an electron microscope?

Two dark layers and one light layer (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria within a cell?

Respiration and energy production (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cell membrane contributes to its selective permeability?

Integral proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum magnification power of a light microscope?

1000 magnification (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of stain is hematoxylin classified as?

Basic stain (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which stain can be used to color living structures within a living animal?

Vital stain (B) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a supravital stain from a vital stain?

Supravital stains stain living cells outside a living person (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does resolution power refer to in microscopy?

The ability to distinguish two close points as separate entities (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stain is a combination of both acidic and basic stains, often used for blood cells?

Leishman's stain (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for energy production and cell respiration.
Contain DNA and RNA essential for mitochondrial replication.
Number of mitochondria varies with cell activity; abundant in liver cells (1000-2000 per cell).

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Comprises two types: Rough ER and Smooth ER.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Membranous organelles involved in protein synthesis.
Appears basophilic due to ribosomes; consists of membrane-bound tubules and vesicles.
Functions include:
- Protein synthesis and condensation.
- Protein transfer to Golgi apparatus.
- Formation of lysosomes via hydrolytic enzymes.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Lacks ribosomes and is not visible in light microscopy.
Functions include:
- Lipid and cholesterol synthesis and storage.
- Steroid hormone synthesis.
- Glycogen storage and formation in muscle and liver.
- Detoxification of drugs and hormones in liver.
- Ca2+ regulation for muscle contraction.

Golgi Apparatus

Membranous organelle acting as a secretory system, particularly in protein-forming cells.
Stains negatively when using common histological methods; appears as flattened vesicles in microscopy.
Functions include:
- Concentration and modification of proteins and lipids from ER.
- Carbohydrate coupling of proteins and lipids.

Histology

Study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
Various types of microscopes used:
- Light microscope (maximum magnification of X 1000).
- Electron microscope (maximum magnification of X 100,000).

Staining Techniques

Cells require staining for visibility in microscopy. Common types include:
- Acidic stains (e.g., eosin) for staining basic structures.
- Basic stains (e.g., hematoxylin) for staining acidic structures.
- Neutral stains (e.g., Leishman's stain) for blood cells.
- Vital stains for living structures.
- Specific stains for certain substances (e.g., glycogen, lipids).

Cell Structure

The cell is the smallest functional and structural unit of living tissues.
Contains cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles.
Organelles play vital roles in cellular processes, categorized as membranous and non-membranous.

Cell Membrane

Composed of a lipid bilayer (30% lipids, 60% proteins, 10% carbohydrates).
Functions include selective permeability, substance transport (active and passive), and cell recognition.

Lysosomes

Membranous organelles rich in hydrolytic enzymes, often called the cell's digestive system.
Numerous in phagocytic cells.
Formed from rough ER, transported to Golgi before becoming primary lysosomes.
Functions include:
- Digestion of nutrients.
- Defense against pathogens.
- Removal of damaged organelles.
- Autolysis post-mortem.
- Activating inactive hormones.

Conclusion

Understanding cellular components and their functions is critical in histology and medical research.

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Description

Explore the crucial roles of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in cellular functions. This quiz covers their structures, functions, and significance in energy production and protein synthesis. Ideal for students studying cell biology.