Organelles and Their Functions Quiz: Cell Biology Study

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is correct?

DNA replication is a process that occurs in the nucleus of prokaryotic cells.

DNA replication results in two identical daughter DNA molecules. (correct)

DNA replication is a process that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

DNA replication occurs in prokaryotic cells only.

What is the primary function of DNA replication?

To repair damaged DNA in the cell.

To produce new proteins for the cell.

To provide genetic material for new cells during cell division. (correct)

To facilitate the process of transcription.

Which of the following enzymes is primarily responsible for DNA replication?

RNA polymerase

DNA helicase

DNA polymerase (correct)

DNA ligase

In which cellular structure does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of DNA replication initiated by?

The formation of a replication fork Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is true?

DNA replication occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histones in the structure of DNA?

Histones allow packaging of extremely long DNA strands and regulate DNA activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA replication during the cell cycle?

To ensure each daughter cell receives a complete and error-free copy of the genetic information. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

Helicase Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the $S$ phase during the cell cycle?

The cell replicates its DNA to ensure each daughter cell receives a complete copy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RNA during protein synthesis?

RNA carries the genetic instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying the genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tRNA during protein synthesis?

tRNA carries the amino acids to the ribosome and binds to the complementary codon on the mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the stop codon during translation?

The stop codon signals the ribosome to release the completed polypeptide chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the growing DNA strands, synthesizing the new complementary strands. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Organelles

Mitochondria:
- Function: ATP production
- Have their own DNA and manufacture their own ribosomes
- Located in the mitochondrial matrix between the cristae
Lysosomes:
- Function: digestion and denaturation of biological macromolecules
- Allow calcium release from bones
Peroxisomes:
- Function: degradation of harmful substances, neutralizing oxygen free radicals
- Contain enzymes to convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen

The Endomembrane System

Comprises: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane
Functions: production, storage, and export of molecules, and degradation of harmful substances

Nucleic Acids

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
- Double-stranded helical molecule in the cell nucleus
- Provides instructions for protein synthesis
- Replicates before cell division to ensure genetic continuity
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):
- Single-stranded molecule
- Carries instructions for protein synthesis from DNA to ribosomes
- Types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Chromatin and Chromosomes

Chromatin:
- 30% DNA, 60% histone proteins, and 10% RNA chains
- Histones package and regulate DNA, shut down DNA when needed, and activate DNA segments for protein production
Chromosomes:
- Formed from chromatin during cell division
- Each chromosome has a p-arm and q-arm, hinged at the centromere

Cell Division

Meiosis:
- Halves chromosome number in daughter cells (gametes)
- Combines genetic information from parents during sexual reproduction
Mitosis:
- Duplicates chromosomes, with one set given to each new daughter cell
- Occurs in response to growth, injury, and aging

The Cell Cycle

Consists of: Interphase and Cell Division
Interphase:
- Grows and prepares for cell division
- DNA replication occurs in the S phase
Cell Division:
- Mitosis and cytokinesis

Transcription and Translation

Transcription:
- Process of converting DNA code to RNA
- Occurs in the nucleus
Translation:
- Process of converting RNA code to amino acid sequence
- Occurs in the cytoplasm

Proteins

Composed of long, folded chains of amino acids
Determine protein structure and function
Genetic code determines protein production

Plasma Membrane and Cytosol

Plasma membrane:
- Phospholipid bilayer structure
- Semi-permeable, allowing selective passage of molecules
Cytosol:
- Fluid part of the cytoplasm
- Site of many metabolic reactions

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Test your knowledge on cell organelles and their functions including mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Learn about their structures and roles within the cell.

Cell Organelles and Their Functions Quiz

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