Cytology
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of mitochondria in a cell?

  • Intracellular digestion
  • ATP production (correct)
  • Protein synthesis
  • Modifying and packaging proteins

    • What is the role of the Golgi body in a cell?

  • Intracellular digestion
  • Modifying and packaging proteins (correct)
  • Amino acid synthesis
  • Regulating cell death

    • What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

  • Intracellular digestion (correct)
  • Modifying and packaging proteins
  • Regulating cell death
  • ATP production

    • What is the result of degradation by lysosomes?

    <p>Use of material by the cell or production of residual bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell contains lysosomes and is involved in phagocytosis?

    <p>Neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the nucleus in pancreatic acinar cells?

    <p>Pyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is characterized by the presence of stereocilia?

    <p>Columnar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of an artery?

    <p>Spindle-shaped (fusiform)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical location of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>Usually one per cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of cell structure?

    <p>Cytology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nuclear pores in a cell?

    <p>To allow passage of RNA and proteins into the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types are characterized by a large, pale, and round nucleus with a prominent nucleolus?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus?

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the plasma membrane in relation to receptors?

    <p>To express and recycle receptors on its surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the region where RNA is synthesized in the nucleus?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ubiquitin in proteasomes?

    <p>To facilitate intracellular digestion of misfolded proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of peroxisomes?

    <p>To degrade toxic molecules and bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of microtubules?

    <p>24nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytoskeleton in cells?

    <p>To provide movement, intracellular transport, and shape to cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells does ubiquitin exist in?

    <p>Only in eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that degrades and produces intracellular hydrogen peroxide in peroxisomes?

    <p>Catalase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of thick microfilaments?

    <p>Myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microvilli in a cell?

    <p>To increase the surface area for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of filament is involved in the formation of cilia and flagellae?

    <p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the small, non-motile projections found on the surface of some cells?

    <p>Stereocilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of euchromatic cells?

    <p>Loosely packed chromatin, active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are characterized by the presence of multiple nuclei?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the shape of a cell?

    <p>The function of the cell and the tissue type it belongs to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pigment involved in protecting the nucleus from UV rays?

    <p>Melanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cuboidal cells?

    <p>They have a cuboidal shape with a lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is characterized by a pyramidal shape?

    <p>Pancreatic acinar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microtubules in cilia?

    <p>Motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the 'wear and tear' pigment found in post-mitotic cells of older animals?

    <p>Lipofuscin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of cell structure?

    <p>Cytology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of columnar cells?

    <p>They have a cylindrical shape with a lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cell morphology and tissue type?

    <p>Cell morphology is related to the specific function of the cell and the tissue type it belongs to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>To degrade and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of material that remains permanently in lysosomes?

    <p>It is stored as lipofuscin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of regulated cell death?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of brown fat?

    <p>Heat production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are adipocytes typically found?

    <p>In subcutaneous tissue and abdominal fat deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Perls Prussian Blue stain?

    <p>To differentiate hemosiderin from other intracytoplasmic pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glycogen in cells?

    <p>To store energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cells that have a cylindrical shape?

    <p>They are typically found in the pharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>To store genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic constituents of a cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm, organelles, and cell inclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of euchromatic cells?

    <p>Loosely packed DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Regulation of molecules into and out of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the plasma membrane in relation to receptors?

    <p>Cell signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus?

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of thin microfilaments?

    <p>5 - 7 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of intermediate filaments in cells?

    <p>Provide mechanical support and shape to cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of stereocilia?

    <p>Non-motile, absorptive projections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes and is involved in intracellular digestion?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteasomes in a cell?

    <p>Protein degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Golgi apparatus in secretory cells?

    <p>It is well developed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of white fat?

    <p>Insulation and energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are known to contain glycogen inclusions?

    <p>Hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cell morphology relates to function and tissue type
    • Cell shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, spindle/fusiform, cylindrical, round, polygonal, pyramidal
    • Cells, tissues, organs, and systems work together to form an organism

    Nucleus

    • Most conspicuous organelle in a cell
    • Usually one nucleus per cell, but some cells have more
    • Nucleus is involved in heredity and cell division
    • Nuclear pores allow passage of RNA and proteins into the cytoplasm

    Organelles

    • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): site of protein synthesis
    • Golgi apparatus: modifies and packages proteins for secretion
    • Lysosomes: contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion
    • Mitochondria: site of ATP production, self-replicating with circular DNA
    • Peroxisomes: contain catalase to break down toxic molecules
    • Centrioles: involved in formation of cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers
    • Cytoskeleton: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules provide structural support and shape

    Microfilaments

    • Composed of actin and myosin
    • Involved in cell shape, intracellular movement, and muscle contraction

    Intermediate Filaments

    • Characterize 4 basic tissue types: epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nerve
    • Cytokeratins in epithelium, vimentin in mesenchymal cells, desmin in muscle, and neurofilaments in neurons

    Microtubules

    • Hollow tubes composed of tubulin dimers
    • Involved in intracellular transport, chromosome separation, and cilia/flagella movement

    Surface Specializations

    • Microvilli: small, absorptive projections
    • Stereocilia: larger, non-motile projections (considered large microvilli)
    • Cilia: motile projections with microtubules

    Cytoplasmic Inclusions

    • Haemosiderin: brown granular pigment for iron storage in macrophages
    • Melanin: brown granular pigment for UV protection in epidermis
    • Lipofuscin: brown granular pigment for 'wear and tear' in post-mitotic cells
    • Lipid: large single clear space in adipocytes

    Cell Types and Morphology

    • Skeletal muscle cells: multinucleated, round, oval, or lobed
    • Osteoclasts: multinucleated
    • Megakaryocytes: multinucleated
    • Hepatocytes: polygonal with prominent nucleolus
    • Pancreatic acinar cells: pyramidal with basophilic nucleus
    • Adipocytes: large, single clear space (white fat)### Cell Structure
    • Multinucleated cells: skeletal muscle cells, osteoclasts, megakaryocytes
    • Hepatocytes (liver cells) have 40X, HE, round, oval, elongated, lobed shape

    Nuclear Pores and Envelope

    • Nuclear pores allow passage of RNA and proteins into the cytoplasm
    • Nuclear envelope connects to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
    • Nucleolus produces rRNA
    • DNA → RNA → PROTEIN

    Chromatin

    • Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein
    • Euchromatin: active genes, less compact, and more accessible
    • Heterochromatin: inactive genes, more compact, and less accessible

    Cellular Inclusions

    • Adipocytes: store energy, insulation (white fat), and heat production (brown fat)
    • Glycogen: stores glucose, patchy clear spaces in hepatocytes, skeletal muscle, and neurons
    • Pigment melanin
    • Lipid droplet
    • Hemosiderin: iron-containing pigment, differentiates from other intracytoplasmic pigments using Perls Prussian Blue stain
    • Lipofuscin granules: present in cardiac muscle

    Plasma Membrane and Receptors

    • Plasma membrane expresses receptors
    • Receptors are constantly expressed and recycled on both inner and outer surfaces of plasma membrane and organelle membranes
    • Receptors are coded for within the genome and produced/processed within cells by specialized structures

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