Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane?
To provide a barrier and separate the internal environment of the cell from the external environment
What type of molecules are embedded in or attached to the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane?
Proteins
What is the main function of the mitochondria in the cell?
To generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration
What is the function of the lysosomes in the cell?
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What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
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What is the stage of mitosis where the chromatin condenses and the nuclear envelope breaks down?
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What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the cell?
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What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?
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What is the stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?
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What is the function of the cytoskeleton in the cell?
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Study Notes
Cell Membrane
- Also known as the plasma membrane, it's a thin layer of lipid and protein molecules that surrounds the cell
- Semi-permeable, allowing certain substances to pass through while keeping others out
- Composed of:
- Phospholipid bilayer: arranged in a tail-to-tail fashion, with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward
- Proteins: embedded in or attached to the bilayer, facilitating transport, signaling, and cell-cell interactions
- Functions:
- Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Maintains cell shape and structure
- Provides a barrier against external environment
Cell Organelles
- Specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions
- Examples:
- Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA), regulates gene expression
- Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis, folding, and transport
- Golgi Apparatus: modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport
- Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes, breaks down and recycles cellular waste
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Cytoskeleton: provides structural support, shape, and movement to the cell
Cell Division
- Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
- Types:
- Mitosis: somatic cell division, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells
- Meiosis: reproductive cell division, resulting in four genetically unique daughter cells (gametes)
- Stages of Mitosis:
- Interphase: cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for division
- Prophase: chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form
- Metaphase: chromosomes align at the center of the cell
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides, and cell splits into two daughter cells
Cell Membrane
- Surrounds the cell, regulating what enters and leaves
- Semi-permeable, allowing certain substances to pass through
- Composed of phospholipid bilayer and proteins, facilitating transport and signaling
- Hydrophobic tails face inward, hydrophilic heads face outward in the bilayer arrangement
- Maintains cell shape and structure, providing a barrier against the external environment
Cell Organelles
- Nucleus: contains DNA, regulates gene expression
- Mitochondria: generates energy through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis, folding, and transport
- Golgi Apparatus: modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport
- Lysosomes: breaks down and recycles cellular waste using digestive enzymes
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Cytoskeleton: provides structural support, shape, and movement to the cell
Cell Division
- Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
- Mitosis: somatic cell division, resulting in genetically identical daughter cells
- Meiosis: reproductive cell division, resulting in genetically unique daughter cells (gametes)
- Stages of Mitosis:
- Interphase: cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for division
- Prophase: chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form
- Metaphase: chromosomes align at the center of the cell
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides, and cell splits into two daughter cells
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