Cell Physiology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following accurately describes the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

  • Water inside the cell (correct)
  • Water in the interstitial space
  • Water outside the cell
  • Water inside the blood vessels

    • Which ions have the highest concentration inside cells?

  • Hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
  • Calcium, iron, and zinc
  • Potassium, magnesium, hydrogen phosphate & sulfate (correct)
  • Sodium, chloride & bicarbonate

    • What is the term for water of oxidation produced as a by product of cellular metabolism

  • Extracellular fluid
  • Metabolic water (correct)
  • Intravascular fluid
  • Interstitial fluid

    • What is the term for the charged particles in body fluids?

    <p>Ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the highest concentration of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions in the body?

    <p>Extracellular compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the water inside lymphatic and blood vessels?

    <p>Intravascular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for cellular function and is maintained by taking in the same amount of water that is lost by eating moist foods and drinking?

    <p>Normal hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about electrolytes is correct?

    <p>Electrolytes are able to conduct an electrical current in solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the acidity or alkalinity of a fluid?

    <p>The relative proportions of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-) in the fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about acids and bases?

    <p>Bases release hydroxyl ions (OH-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the concentration of hydrogen ions in fluids measured?

    <p>By measuring the pH of the fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pH scale ranges from

    <p>0-14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about acids?

    <p>Acids release hydrogen ions (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about bases?

    <p>Bases release hydroxyl ions (OH-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the resting membrane potential?

    <p>The distribution of charged particles on either side of the plasma membrane creates an electrical voltage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is more concentrated inside the cell?

    <p>K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the outside of the cell being slightly more positive than the inside?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of Na+ pumped out to K+ retrieved during active transport?

    <p>3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by intense metabolic activity and cellular growth?

    <p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flow of fluid and nutrients in and out of cells is regulated by the

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More than one ion together is called

    <p>Ionic compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusion depends on

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cell division once adult size is reached?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the pH scale?

    <p>Pure water has a neutral pH of 7.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can ill or debilitated animals have impaired organ function?

    <p>Due to abnormal electrolyte concentrations and pH levels can become abnormally high or low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additives are used in IV fluids to adjust ionic imbalances and maintain homeostasis?

    <p>Potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaCO3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells maintain homeostasis?

    <p>By bringing nutrients into the intracellular compartment and eliminating wastes and transport resources into the extracellular environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kinetic movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration (concentration gradient)

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes facilitated diffusion?

    <p>It is the movement of larger or non-soluble molecules with the assistance of a protein carrier in the cell membrane in the plasma membrane lipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osmosis?

    <p>The passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane to achieve concentration equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Water outside the cell (16-20%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the water inside the cell?

    <p>Intracellular fluid (ICF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ECF has same concentration of dissolved substances as ICF fluids, water moves freely in and out of the cell. Cell does not change in size

    <p>Isotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Force of moving water across a membrane

    <p>Osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ECF less concentrated than ICF, cell swells

    <p>Hypotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ECF is more concentrated than cytoplasm, cell shrinks

    <p>Hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leakage of fluid out of vessels and into the interstitium or into body cavities is caused by

    <p>Decrease in Oncotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Force pushing a liquid (blood pressure)

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exocytosis of waste products

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exocytosis of manufactured molecules

    <p>Secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Engulfs solid material... forms ______

    <p>Phagocytosis, forms Phagosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Engulfs liquid... forms ______

    <p>Pinocytosis, forms pinocytic vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Involves temporary or permanent inhibition of genes that may be active in another cell

    <p>Differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normal cells stop dividing when they come into contact with other cells

    <p>Contact inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For every 1 ATP molecule ______ ions are pumped into the cell and ____ are pumped out

    <p>2K+, 3Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Via diffusion the ______ of _____ is _____ than the ______ of ________

    <p>influx, Na+; outflow, K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Small insensible water losses occur

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moderate to severe dehydration requires fluid therapy to prevent cellular dysfunction that can lead to organ failure and death

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moderate to severe dehydration does not require fluid therapy

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acidic

    <p>(&lt;7) -&gt;lots of H+, few OH-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alkaline

    <p>(&gt;7) -&gt;lots of OH-, few H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive movement of water from a dilute to a more concentrated environment

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Occurs to achieve the same concentration of solution on both sides of the membrane

    <p>Osmosis (Concentration equilibrium)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does not rely on concentration gradients to drive the activity of the molecules

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on a pressure gradient- if the pressure is greater on one side of a membrane than the other side, liquids may be pushed through

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Filtration is based on a pressure gradient- if the pressure is ____ on one side of the membrane than the other side, __________

    <p>Greater, liquids may be pushed through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Causes decrease in oncotic pressure

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells participate in the active transport of electrolytes ____________ and specialized cells can transport ____________

    <p>(Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and (Cl-, I-, Fe2+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Very selective, occurs in cells w/ specific protein receptor sites in their cell membranes for binding of ligands like hormones, iron and cholesterol

    <p>Receptor-mediated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enables large particles, liquids and entire cells to be taken into the cell by engulfing

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substances to be packaged out of the cells are packaged in vesicles in the ER and Golgi body and moved through the cytoplasm (vesicles fuse w/ the plasma membrane and release contents from the intracellular environment into the ECF)

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substances to be packaged out of the cells are packaged in vesicles in the _________ and moved through the _______ (vesicles fuse w/ the plasma membrane and release contents from the intracellular environment into the ECF)

    <p>ER and Golgi body, cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ may be released from cells when numbers reach a certain point

    <p>Growth-inhibiting substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ develop when cells lose normal control over cell division

    <p>Neoplasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability of the animal to grow and repair tissue is based on the division of ___________

    <p>Somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inside of the cell is ___________ than the outside

    <p>More negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytoplasmic proteins, which are too large to leave the cell tend to be _______

    <p>Negatively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The difference in permeability of the plasma cell membrane leads to changes in the distribution of the charged particles on either side of the membrane forming a ________ which =potential electrical energy created by the _____________

    <p>Voltage, separation of opposite charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    (Sodium potassium pump) During transport, the ion binds to a ________ in the cell membrane which ______________

    <p>specific carrier protein, triggers the release and use of cellular energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    (Sodium potassium pump) The orientation of the __________ is altered, the ion becomes ________ and the carrier can now move the ion through the _____

    <p>Carrier protein, lipid soluble, cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    (Sodium potassium pump) ATP is provided by __________ and the enzyme ATPase

    <p>cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ is required to transport molecules and substances across the cell membrane

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energy is required to transport molecules that are

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dissolved gases, alcohols, and steroids can _________ through the cell's lipid bilayer

    <p>easily pass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specialized proteins called _______ selectively let certain ions pass

    <p>Channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Movement of some larger and/or nonsoluble molecules with the assistance of a protein carrier located in the plasma membrane lipid bilayer

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Membrane Processes and Cell Homeostasis

    • Pure water has a neutral pH of 7, while acidic solutions have a pH below 7 and alkaline solutions have a pH above 7.
    • Ill or debilitated animals can have abnormal electrolyte concentrations and pH levels, leading to impaired organ function.
    • Additives like potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaCO3) are used in IV fluids to adjust ionic imbalances and maintain homeostasis.
    • Cells maintain homeostasis by bringing nutrients into the intracellular compartment and eliminating waste through membrane processes.
    • Membrane transport processes, such as diffusion and osmosis, regulate the flow of fluid and nutrients in and out of cells.
    • Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by kinetic energy.
    • Facilitated diffusion is the movement of larger or non-soluble molecules with the assistance of a protein carrier in the cell membrane.
    • Osmosis is the passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane to achieve concentration equilibrium.
    • Filtration is the movement of liquids through a membrane based on pressure gradients, such as blood pressure.
    • Active membrane processes, like active transport and cytosis, require energy to transport molecules across the cell membrane.
    • Active transport relies on carrier proteins and is used for molecules that are not lipid-soluble, too large, or on the wrong side of the pressure gradient.
    • Cytosis includes endocytosis (taking in particles or liquids) and exocytosis (exporting substances out of cells), both requiring energy.

    Cell Membrane Processes: Absorption and Excretion

    • Pure water has a neutral pH of 7, while acidic substances have a pH below 7 and alkaline substances have a pH above 7.
    • Ill or debilitated animals can have abnormal electrolyte concentrations and pH levels in their intracellular and extracellular fluids, leading to impaired organ function.
    • Additives such as potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate are used in IV fluids to adjust ionic imbalances and maintain homeostasis.
    • Tissue fluids contain fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, regulatory hormones, and dissolved gases, which are necessary for cells to maintain homeostasis.
    • The plasma membrane regulates the flow of fluid, nutrients, and waste products into and out of cells.
    • Membrane transport processes include passive processes (such as diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration) that do not require energy, and active processes (such as active transport and endocytosis) that require energy.
    • Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, and it is influenced by factors such as kinetic energy, size, lipid solubility, and charged ions.
    • Facilitated diffusion involves the movement of larger or non-soluble molecules with the assistance of protein carriers in the membrane.
    • Osmosis is the passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute to a more concentrated environment, in order to achieve concentration equilibrium.
    • Filtration is a process that relies on pressure gradients to push liquids through a membrane, such as the filtering of blood through capillaries.
    • Active membrane processes require energy and are used to transport molecules that are not lipid soluble, too large, or on the wrong side of the pressure gradient.
    • Active transport and cytosis are examples of active membrane processes, with active transport involving carrier proteins and ATP to transport molecules across the membrane, and cytosis involving the engulfing of particles or the release of substances from the cell through endocytosis or exocytosis.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on membrane processes and cell homeostasis with this quiz. Learn about diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and more as you explore how cells maintain balance and regulate the flow of fluids and nutrients.

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