76 Questions
Which of the following accurately describes the intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Water inside the cell
Which ions have the highest concentration inside cells?
Potassium, magnesium, hydrogen phosphate & sulfate
What is the term for water of oxidation produced as a by product of cellular metabolism
Metabolic water
What is the term for the charged particles in body fluids?
Ions
Where is the highest concentration of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions in the body?
Extracellular compartment
What is the term for the water inside lymphatic and blood vessels?
Intravascular fluid
What is necessary for cellular function and is maintained by taking in the same amount of water that is lost by eating moist foods and drinking?
Normal hydration
Which of the following statements about electrolytes is correct?
Electrolytes are able to conduct an electrical current in solution
What determines the acidity or alkalinity of a fluid?
The relative proportions of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-) in the fluid
Which of the following is true about acids and bases?
Bases release hydroxyl ions (OH-)
How is the concentration of hydrogen ions in fluids measured?
By measuring the pH of the fluid
The pH scale ranges from
0-14
Which of the following is true about acids?
Acids release hydrogen ions (H+)
Which of the following is true about bases?
Bases release hydroxyl ions (OH-)
Which of the following is true about the resting membrane potential?
The distribution of charged particles on either side of the plasma membrane creates an electrical voltage.
Which ion is more concentrated inside the cell?
K+
What is the main reason for the outside of the cell being slightly more positive than the inside?
Both A and C
What is the ratio of Na+ pumped out to K+ retrieved during active transport?
3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by intense metabolic activity and cellular growth?
G1 phase
Flow of fluid and nutrients in and out of cells is regulated by the
Plasma membrane
More than one ion together is called
Ionic compound
Diffusion depends on
All of the above
What is the main function of cell division once adult size is reached?
Both A and B
Which statement accurately describes the pH scale?
Pure water has a neutral pH of 7.
Why can ill or debilitated animals have impaired organ function?
Due to abnormal electrolyte concentrations and pH levels can become abnormally high or low
Which additives are used in IV fluids to adjust ionic imbalances and maintain homeostasis?
Potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaCO3)
How do cells maintain homeostasis?
By bringing nutrients into the intracellular compartment and eliminating wastes and transport resources into the extracellular environment
Kinetic movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration (concentration gradient)
Diffusion
Which statement accurately describes facilitated diffusion?
It is the movement of larger or non-soluble molecules with the assistance of a protein carrier in the cell membrane in the plasma membrane lipid bilayer
What is osmosis?
The passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane to achieve concentration equilibrium.
Which of the following accurately describes the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Water outside the cell (16-20%)
What is the term for the water inside the cell?
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
ECF has same concentration of dissolved substances as ICF fluids, water moves freely in and out of the cell. Cell does not change in size
Isotonic
Force of moving water across a membrane
Osmotic pressure
ECF less concentrated than ICF, cell swells
Hypotonic
ECF is more concentrated than cytoplasm, cell shrinks
Hypertonic
Leakage of fluid out of vessels and into the interstitium or into body cavities is caused by
Decrease in Oncotic pressure
Force pushing a liquid (blood pressure)
Hydrostatic pressure
Exocytosis of waste products
Excretion
Exocytosis of manufactured molecules
Secretion
Engulfs solid material... forms ______
Phagocytosis, forms Phagosome
Engulfs liquid... forms ______
Pinocytosis, forms pinocytic vesicle
Involves temporary or permanent inhibition of genes that may be active in another cell
Differentiation
Normal cells stop dividing when they come into contact with other cells
Contact inhibition
For every 1 ATP molecule ______ ions are pumped into the cell and ____ are pumped out
2K+, 3Na+
Via diffusion the ______ of _____ is _____ than the ______ of ________
influx, Na+; outflow, K+
Small insensible water losses occur
Both A and B
Moderate to severe dehydration requires fluid therapy to prevent cellular dysfunction that can lead to organ failure and death
True
Moderate to severe dehydration does not require fluid therapy
False
Acidic
(<7) ->lots of H+, few OH-
Alkaline
(>7) ->lots of OH-, few H+
Passive movement of water from a dilute to a more concentrated environment
Osmosis
Occurs to achieve the same concentration of solution on both sides of the membrane
Osmosis (Concentration equilibrium)
Does not rely on concentration gradients to drive the activity of the molecules
Filtration
Based on a pressure gradient- if the pressure is greater on one side of a membrane than the other side, liquids may be pushed through
Filtration
Filtration is based on a pressure gradient- if the pressure is ____ on one side of the membrane than the other side, __________
Greater, liquids may be pushed through
Causes decrease in oncotic pressure
All of the above
All cells participate in the active transport of electrolytes ____________ and specialized cells can transport ____________
(Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and (Cl-, I-, Fe2+)
Very selective, occurs in cells w/ specific protein receptor sites in their cell membranes for binding of ligands like hormones, iron and cholesterol
Receptor-mediated
Enables large particles, liquids and entire cells to be taken into the cell by engulfing
Endocytosis
Substances to be packaged out of the cells are packaged in vesicles in the ER and Golgi body and moved through the cytoplasm (vesicles fuse w/ the plasma membrane and release contents from the intracellular environment into the ECF)
Exocytosis
Substances to be packaged out of the cells are packaged in vesicles in the _________ and moved through the _______ (vesicles fuse w/ the plasma membrane and release contents from the intracellular environment into the ECF)
ER and Golgi body, cytoplasm
_________ may be released from cells when numbers reach a certain point
Growth-inhibiting substances
_________ develop when cells lose normal control over cell division
Neoplasms
The ability of the animal to grow and repair tissue is based on the division of ___________
Somatic cells
The inside of the cell is ___________ than the outside
More negative
Cytoplasmic proteins, which are too large to leave the cell tend to be _______
Negatively charged
The difference in permeability of the plasma cell membrane leads to changes in the distribution of the charged particles on either side of the membrane forming a ________ which =potential electrical energy created by the _____________
Voltage, separation of opposite charges
(Sodium potassium pump) During transport, the ion binds to a ________ in the cell membrane which ______________
specific carrier protein, triggers the release and use of cellular energy
(Sodium potassium pump) The orientation of the __________ is altered, the ion becomes ________ and the carrier can now move the ion through the _____
Carrier protein, lipid soluble, cell membrane
(Sodium potassium pump) ATP is provided by __________ and the enzyme ATPase
cellular respiration
__________ is required to transport molecules and substances across the cell membrane
ATP
Energy is required to transport molecules that are
All of the above
Dissolved gases, alcohols, and steroids can _________ through the cell's lipid bilayer
easily pass
Specialized proteins called _______ selectively let certain ions pass
Channels
Movement of some larger and/or nonsoluble molecules with the assistance of a protein carrier located in the plasma membrane lipid bilayer
Facilitated diffusion
Study Notes
Membrane Processes and Cell Homeostasis
- Pure water has a neutral pH of 7, while acidic solutions have a pH below 7 and alkaline solutions have a pH above 7.
- Ill or debilitated animals can have abnormal electrolyte concentrations and pH levels, leading to impaired organ function.
- Additives like potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaCO3) are used in IV fluids to adjust ionic imbalances and maintain homeostasis.
- Cells maintain homeostasis by bringing nutrients into the intracellular compartment and eliminating waste through membrane processes.
- Membrane transport processes, such as diffusion and osmosis, regulate the flow of fluid and nutrients in and out of cells.
- Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by kinetic energy.
- Facilitated diffusion is the movement of larger or non-soluble molecules with the assistance of a protein carrier in the cell membrane.
- Osmosis is the passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane to achieve concentration equilibrium.
- Filtration is the movement of liquids through a membrane based on pressure gradients, such as blood pressure.
- Active membrane processes, like active transport and cytosis, require energy to transport molecules across the cell membrane.
- Active transport relies on carrier proteins and is used for molecules that are not lipid-soluble, too large, or on the wrong side of the pressure gradient.
- Cytosis includes endocytosis (taking in particles or liquids) and exocytosis (exporting substances out of cells), both requiring energy.
Cell Membrane Processes: Absorption and Excretion
- Pure water has a neutral pH of 7, while acidic substances have a pH below 7 and alkaline substances have a pH above 7.
- Ill or debilitated animals can have abnormal electrolyte concentrations and pH levels in their intracellular and extracellular fluids, leading to impaired organ function.
- Additives such as potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate are used in IV fluids to adjust ionic imbalances and maintain homeostasis.
- Tissue fluids contain fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, regulatory hormones, and dissolved gases, which are necessary for cells to maintain homeostasis.
- The plasma membrane regulates the flow of fluid, nutrients, and waste products into and out of cells.
- Membrane transport processes include passive processes (such as diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration) that do not require energy, and active processes (such as active transport and endocytosis) that require energy.
- Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, and it is influenced by factors such as kinetic energy, size, lipid solubility, and charged ions.
- Facilitated diffusion involves the movement of larger or non-soluble molecules with the assistance of protein carriers in the membrane.
- Osmosis is the passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute to a more concentrated environment, in order to achieve concentration equilibrium.
- Filtration is a process that relies on pressure gradients to push liquids through a membrane, such as the filtering of blood through capillaries.
- Active membrane processes require energy and are used to transport molecules that are not lipid soluble, too large, or on the wrong side of the pressure gradient.
- Active transport and cytosis are examples of active membrane processes, with active transport involving carrier proteins and ATP to transport molecules across the membrane, and cytosis involving the engulfing of particles or the release of substances from the cell through endocytosis or exocytosis.
Test your knowledge on membrane processes and cell homeostasis with this quiz. Learn about diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and more as you explore how cells maintain balance and regulate the flow of fluids and nutrients.
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