29 Questions
What are the major periods of a cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis phases
What activates cyclin-dependent protein kinases that trigger mitosis in a cell cycle?
Cyclin
What type of cell death is caused by injury or infection?
Necrosis
What is the main function of cyclin in cell growth and division?
To activate cyclin-dependent protein kinases
When does programmed cell death, known as apoptosis, occur in a cell?
When a triggering agent activates suicide enzymes
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
What enzyme catalyzes transcription?
RNA polymerase
Which process occurs in the cytosol?
Translation
What is the purpose of genetic engineering?
Producing new proteins
Which type of cell division produces gametes?
Meiosis
What occurs during somatic cell division?
Duplication of chromosomes
What type of molecules are highly permeable to the cell membrane?
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids
What is the main difference between passive and active transport?
Active transport uses cellular energy to move substances, while passive transport uses kinetic energy
What is the main role of transport proteins in the cell membrane?
To aid in the movement of substances that are otherwise impermeable
Why is there a difference in Na+ concentration inside and outside the cell membrane?
Due to selective permeability of the membrane
What creates the combined effect of concentration and electrical gradients influencing ion movement?
Electrochemical gradient
What is the purpose of endocytosis and exocytosis in relation to membrane transport?
To transport very large molecules into or out of the cell
What type of substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the PM without the help of membrane transport proteins?
Fatty acids
Which of the following factors influences the rate of diffusion?
The size of the diffusing substance
What is essential for cellular gaseous exchange, absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste products?
Simple Diffusion
Which type of transport involves an integral membrane protein acting as a channel or carrier to assist specific substances across the membrane?
Facilitated Diffusion
Which type of diffusion involves ion channels for substances like K+, Cl−, Na+, and Ca2+?
Facilitated Diffusion
In carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, the carrier undergoes a change in shape to release the solute on which side of the PM?
On the opposite side
What is the function of a symporter carrier protein in secondary active transport?
Moves Na+ and another substance in the same direction
Which process occurs due to a huge build-up of Na+ in the extracellular fluid?
Endocytosis
In vesicular transport, what process moves substances out of the cell?
Exocytosis
What is the role of phagocytes in vesicular transport?
Engulf bacteria, viruses, worn-out cells
Which type of substance uptake involves the liberation of digestive enzymes and hormones from secretory cells?
Exocytosis
What differentiates a symporter from an antiporter in secondary active transport?
Symporter moves substances in the same direction; antiporter moves substances in opposite directions
Test your knowledge on cell membrane permeability and gradients. Learn about selective permeability, molecules that can pass through the membrane, and the creation of concentration gradients across the plasma membrane.
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