Cell Physiology - Part 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of transmembrane proteins?

  • Storage of genetic information
  • Acting as channels and transporters (correct)
  • Serving as structural components only
  • Assisting in cell division

    • Active processes do not require energy input from the cell.

    False

    What is the sugary coating surrounding the membrane made up of?

    Glycocalyx

    The process by which substances move across cell membranes without the input of energy is called __________.

    <p>passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following membrane protein functions with their descriptions:

    <p>Ion Channels = Allow specific ions to pass through Receptors = Bind with ligands for cellular recognition Transporters = Move substances selectively through the membrane Enzymes = Catalyze chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors influence the rate of diffusion across a membrane?

    <p>Temperature and surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lipid bilayer is permeable to glucose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of transport processes mentioned in relation to membrane function?

    <p>Passive and Active processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aquaporins in cellular transport?

    <p>Facilitating the passage of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>To maintain the electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In receptor-mediated endocytosis, specific ______ bind to receptors to initiate vesicle formation.

    <p>ligands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of endocytosis with their definitions:

    <p>Receptor-mediated endocytosis = Uptake of specific molecules via receptor binding Phagocytosis = Ingestion of large particles or cells Bulk-phase endocytosis = Non-specific uptake of extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes osmosis?

    <p>Net movement of water from high concentration of water to low concentration of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cilia are longer than flagella and help to move an entire cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport involves vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release contents?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments are components of the ______ that provide structural support.

    <p>cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure consists of a network of membranes shaped like flattened sacs?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>The cell may swell and burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active transport does not require energy to move substances across the cell membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is referred to as the 'powerhouse' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Golgi complex is responsible for producing ribosomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osmosis in cells?

    <p>To move water in or out of the cell based on solute concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transport process where materials are brought into the cell is called __________.

    <p>endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following transport mechanisms with their descriptions:

    <p>Simple Diffusion = Passive transport of solutes down their concentration gradient Exocytosis = Process of vesicles fusing with the membrane to release contents Active Transport = Energy-dependent movement against the concentration gradient Osmosis = Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the __________ is to modify, sort, and package proteins.

    <p>Golgi complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell structures with their primary functions:

    <p>Mitochondria = Generate ATP Nucleus = Control cell activities Lysosomes = Digest waste materials Cytoskeleton = Provide structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances detoxifies several toxic substances, including alcohol?

    <p>Peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homologous chromosomes are two identical copies of a single chromosome.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the cell cycle involves the replication of DNA?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ phase of cell division involves the separation of sister chromatids.

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of chromosomes do human somatic cells contain?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

    <p>Production of gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis results in diploid cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do haploid cells contain?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilization restores the ______ number of chromosomes.

    <p>diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of cytoplasmic division called?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Telophase is when two identical nuclei are formed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the end of Meiosis I?

    <p>Two haploid cells are formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis occurs in the ______ of the body.

    <p>gonads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of meiosis with their outcomes:

    <p>Meiosis I = Two haploid cells Meiosis II = Four genetically different haploid gametes Telophase = Formation of two identical nuclei Cytokinesis = Division of the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net result of performing Meiosis?

    <p>Four genetically different haploid gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Membrane and Transport

    • Glycoproteins are membrane proteins with carbohydrate groups that extend into extracellular fluid.
    • Glycocalyx is a sugary coating made from carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins, crucial for cell recognition and protection.
    • Transmembrane Proteins function as channels and transporters for substances like glucose and ions.

    Transport Mechanisms

    • Passive Processes: Movement across cell membranes without energy input; relies on kinetic energy of molecules (e.g., diffusion).
    • Active Processes: Involves energy from ATP breakdown to move substances against concentration gradients.

    Diffusion Factors

    • Concentration Gradient: Steeper gradients increase diffusion rate.
    • Temperature: Higher temperatures enhance molecular movement.
    • Mass: Lighter molecules diffuse faster.
    • Surface Area: Larger areas facilitate more diffusion.
    • Distance: Shorter distances speed up the process.

    Membrane Permeability

    • Cell membranes vary in permeability; lipid bilayers allow passage for small uncharged molecules (e.g., O₂, CO₂, H₂O).
    • Osmosis is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from higher to lower water concentration.

    Vesicular Transport

    • Endocytosis: Cells intake materials via vesicle formation from the plasma membrane.
      • Types:
        • Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
        • Phagocytosis (cellular eating).
        • Bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis, cellular drinking).
    • Exocytosis: Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell.
    • Transcytosis: Combines endocytosis and exocytosis for transference of materials.

    Cytoplasm Components

    • Cytosol: Intracellular fluid where chemical reactions occur and maintains cell shape.
    • Organelles:
      • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis sites.
      • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Network of membranes for protein (Rough ER) and lipid (Smooth ER) synthesis.
      • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
      • Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion of cellular waste.
      • Peroxisomes: Detoxify substances like alcohol; abundant in the liver.
      • Mitochondria: ATP producers, crucial for energy generation.

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis: Somatic cell division producing two identical daughter cells; involves stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
    • Interphase: Non-dividing stage where DNA is replicated.
    • Meiosis: Reproductive cell division producing gametes with half the chromosome number; results in four genetically diverse haploid cells.

    Membrane Solutions and Tonicity

    • Isotonic Solutions: Equal solute concentrations; cells maintain normal shape.
    • Hypotonic Solutions: Lower external solute concentration; may cause cells to swell and burst.
    • Hypertonic Solutions: Higher external solute concentration; can cause cells to shrink due to water loss.

    Active Transport Overview

    • Requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
    • Na+/K+ Pump: Moves sodium out and potassium into cells, essential for maintaining membrane potential and cellular homeostasis.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the structure and function of the cell membrane, focusing on glycoproteins, glycocalyx, and transport mechanisms. It also examines the factors influencing diffusion, including concentration gradient, temperature, and surface area. Test your knowledge on how these elements interact to facilitate cellular transport.

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