30 Questions
What is the main function of glycocalyx in cell membranes?
Binds antigens and enzymes to the cell surface
In what way does glycocalyx assist T-cells and antigen-presenting cells?
Preventing enzymatic cleavage of receptors and ligands
How thick can the glycocalyx layer be on the outer surface of the cell membrane?
Up to 50 nm
Which substance can pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane by simple diffusion?
$O_2$
What is the composition of glycocalyx mainly comprised of?
Polar oligosaccharide side chains linked covalently to proteins and lipids
Where is the glycocalyx located in relation to the plasmalemma?
$On$ the outer surface of the outer leaflet of the plasmalemma
What is the process that occurs down an electrochemical gradient and does not require metabolic energy?
Simple diffusion
Which scientist is associated with the concept of the Nernst Potential?
Walther Nernst
What type of transport mechanism is not carrier-mediated and occurs down an electrochemical gradient?
Simple diffusion
Which factor is directly proportional to the permeability of the cell membrane?
Temperature
What is the potential inside the membrane that exactly opposes the net diffusion of a particular ion known as?
Nernst Potential
Which type of transport mechanism has limitations beyond a certain point?
Facilitated diffusion
What organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes like acid hydrolases, proteases, and nucleases?
Lysosomes
Which organelle is primarily responsible for the extraction of energy from nutrients and ATP production?
Mitochondria
What is the main function of peroxisomes in liver cells?
Detoxification of alcohol
Which vesicle fuses with lysosomes to form digestive vesicles?
Phagocytotic vesicles
In which step of ATP production do carbohydrates get converted into glucose?
Step 1
Which organelle requires a trigger for secretion to occur?
Golgi apparatus
What happens when inhibition of Na+, K+ ATPase occurs?
Decrease in transmembrane Na+ gradient
Which type of transport exhibits stereospecificity, saturation, and competition?
Secondary active transport
What is the term for solutes moving in opposite directions across cell membranes?
Counter-transport
Which of the following is an example of a symporter or cotransporter?
Na+ amino acid cotransport
What is another term for the Na+ Ca2+ exchanger?
NCX
Which special type of active transport involves moving molecules out of the cell?
Exocytosis
Which type of nerve fibres are large & medium-sized myelinated fibres of spinal nerves?
Type-A Fibres
What is the function of Type-C Fibres?
Small unmyelinated nerve fibers
At what velocity do the smallest fibers transmit impulses?
0.5 m/sec
What is the main function of Type-A Fibres?
Transmit impulses at 120 m/sec
What is a characteristic of Type-C Fibres?
Smallest fibers that transmit impulses slowly
Which type of nerve fibers are the smallest and can transmit impulses at low velocities?
Type-C Fibers
Learn about the functions and composition of the cell membrane, as well as the structure and variations of the glycocalyx (cell coat) on the outer surface. Understand how lipid-soluble substances, gases, water molecules, and ions pass through the cell membrane.
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