Cell Membrane and Glycocalyx Overview

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What is the main function of glycocalyx in cell membranes?

Prevents contact with inappropriate substances

Facilitates passive diffusion of ions through the lipid bilayer

Binds antigens and enzymes to the cell surface (correct)

Aids in attachment of epithelial cells to the extracellular matrix

In what way does glycocalyx assist T-cells and antigen-presenting cells?

Maintaining electrical potential differences

Facilitating passive diffusion of lipids

Preventing enzymatic cleavage of receptors and ligands (correct)

Aiding in cell-cell recognition

How thick can the glycocalyx layer be on the outer surface of the cell membrane?

Up to 70 nm

Up to 50 nm (correct)

Up to 30 nm

Up to 10 nm

Which substance can pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane by simple diffusion?

$O_2$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of glycocalyx mainly comprised of?

Polar oligosaccharide side chains linked covalently to proteins and lipids Signup and view all the answers

Where is the glycocalyx located in relation to the plasmalemma?

$On$ the outer surface of the outer leaflet of the plasmalemma Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that occurs down an electrochemical gradient and does not require metabolic energy?

Simple diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is associated with the concept of the Nernst Potential?

Walther Nernst Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport mechanism is not carrier-mediated and occurs down an electrochemical gradient?

Simple diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is directly proportional to the permeability of the cell membrane?

Temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential inside the membrane that exactly opposes the net diffusion of a particular ion known as?

Nernst Potential Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport mechanism has limitations beyond a certain point?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes like acid hydrolases, proteases, and nucleases?

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the extraction of energy from nutrients and ATP production?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of peroxisomes in liver cells?

Detoxification of alcohol Signup and view all the answers

Which vesicle fuses with lysosomes to form digestive vesicles?

Phagocytotic vesicles Signup and view all the answers

In which step of ATP production do carbohydrates get converted into glucose?

Step 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle requires a trigger for secretion to occur?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What happens when inhibition of Na+, K+ ATPase occurs?

Decrease in transmembrane Na+ gradient Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport exhibits stereospecificity, saturation, and competition?

Secondary active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for solutes moving in opposite directions across cell membranes?

Counter-transport Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a symporter or cotransporter?

Na+ amino acid cotransport Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for the Na+ Ca2+ exchanger?

NCX Signup and view all the answers

Which special type of active transport involves moving molecules out of the cell?

Exocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nerve fibres are large & medium-sized myelinated fibres of spinal nerves?

Type-A Fibres Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Type-C Fibres?

Small unmyelinated nerve fibers Signup and view all the answers

At what velocity do the smallest fibers transmit impulses?

0.5 m/sec Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Type-A Fibres?

Transmit impulses at 120 m/sec Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Type-C Fibres?

Smallest fibers that transmit impulses slowly Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nerve fibers are the smallest and can transmit impulses at low velocities?

Type-C Fibers Signup and view all the answers