12 Questions
The cell membrane is also known as the ______ membrane.
plasma
The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be affected by factors such as ______, temperature, and substrate concentration.
pH
A ______ is a short chain of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds.
peptide
The ______ of electrons is known as reduction, while the loss of electrons is known as oxidation.
gain
Biomolecules can be classified into four main categories: ______, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
carbohydrates
Phospholipids are composed of ______, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
glycerol
Carbohydrates are classified as either simple or ______ sugars.
complex
[Blank] is the storage form of glucose in animals, stored in the liver and muscle.
Glycogen
Lipids are made from ______, hydrogen, and oxygen.
carbon
The ______ bond is the type of bond that links amino acids together in proteins.
peptide
Nucleic acids play an essential role in the storage, transfer, and expression of ______ information.
genetic
The discovery of nucleic acid is credited to ______ Miescher in 1868.
Friedrich
Study Notes
Cell Membrane
- Composed of 4 types of molecules: phospholipids, proteins, and peripheral proteins (loosely bound to the surface of the membrane)
Enzyme Affecting Factors
- 6 factors affecting enzyme activity:
- pH (acidity/basicity): measures hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxide ion concentration
- Temperature: increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction
- Substrate: increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction
- Oxidation: loss of electrons
- Reduction: gain of electrons
- Redox enzymes: catalyze redox reactions between two molecules
Biological Macromolecules
- Large organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
- Monosaccharide: simplest form of carbohydrates
- Monomer: a molecule that reacts with other molecules to form large molecules or polymers
- Hormones: special chemical messengers created in endocrine glands
- Amino acids: organic compounds that combine to form proteins
- Enzymes: proteins that make biochemical reactions faster
- Nucleotide: composed of nitrogen-containing base, five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
- Phospholipids: contain glycerol, two-fatty acids, and a phosphate group
Biological Macromolecules (Detailed)
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates may be broken down to carbon and hydrate
- Also known as saccharide
- Classified as simple (monosaccharides and disaccharides) or complex (polysaccharides)
- Monosaccharides:
- Glucose: used in dextrose, blood sugar; utilized by the human body
- Galactose: found in milk and milk products
- Fructose: found in fruits and honey
- Disaccharides:
- Maltose: glucose + glucose; found in malt
- Sucrose: glucose + fructose; found in regular table sugar, sugarcane, and sugar beet
- Lactose: glucose + galactose; found in milk and milk products
- Polysaccharides:
- Starch/amylose: storage form of glucose in plants
- Amylopectin: storage form of glucose in plants
- Glycogen: storage form of glucose in animals; stored in the liver and muscles
- Cellulose: structural material in plants; cell wall in wood, wood fiber (can't be digested by humans)
Lipids or Fats
- Important in the body, but excessive consumption can lead to heart disease, cancer, and obesity
- Classifications: triglyceride, phospholipid, wax, and steroid
- Examples: fats and oils
- Made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- Soluble in oil, insoluble in water
- Function: long-term energy storage in the body
- Monomer: fatty acid
Proteins
- Examples:
- Keratin
- Fibroin/Silk protein
- Collagen
- Enzymes:
- Lipase
- Pepsin
- Sucrase
- Myoglobin
- Made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
- Made up of amino acids combined through peptide bonds
- Monomer: amino acid
- Two classes:
- Saturated fats: two carbons attached to each carbon (except the one at the end); unhealthy fats like butter
- Unsaturated fats: missing at least one hydrogen, curled in shape; healthy, includes oils
Nucleic Acids
- Play an essential role in storing, transferring, and expressing genetic information
- Discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1868
Learn about the composition of cell membranes, including phospholipids and proteins, and the factors that affect enzyme activity, such as pH, temperature, substrate concentration, oxidation, and reduction.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
