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Questions and Answers
What is the primary effect of mild injury on the mitochondria in reversible cell injury?
Which of the following organs is most commonly affected by reversible cell injury?
What is the characteristic appearance of the cut surface of an affected organ in reversible cell injury?
What is the outcome of reversible cell injury if the injury is stopped?
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What is the underlying mechanism of water accumulation in the cytoplasm in reversible cell injury?
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What is the characteristic feature of hydropic swelling in cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of hydropic degeneration?
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What is the microscopic appearance of cells in fatty change?
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What is the significance of lipotropic factors in fatty change?
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What is the gross appearance of an organ affected by fatty change?
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Study Notes
Cell Injury
- Hydropic swelling is a reversible cell injury characterized by excess water accumulation inside cells, forming vacuoles in the cytoplasm.
- It is more advanced than cloudy swelling and can lead to necrosis if not reversed.
Hydropic Swelling
- Causes: Similar to cloudy swelling, including hypoxia, bacterial toxins, and chemical agents.
- Gross picture: Affected organs appear swollen, pale, and soft.
- Microscopic picture: Cells are swollen with excess water accumulation, pale cytoplasm, and multiple vacuoles, while the nucleus is normal.
- Examples: Epidermal cells in burns, urticaria, and viral infections, as well as liver cells in viral hepatitis and alcohol poisoning.
Fatty Change (Steatosis)
- Definition: Reversible cell injury characterized by pathological accumulation of excess neutral fat in parenchymatous cells.
- Causes: Fat accumulation due to diminished enzyme activity, hypoxia, bacterial toxins, and chemical agents.
- Gross picture: Affected organs are enlarged, soft, pale yellow, and greasy to touch.
- Microscopic picture: Cells appear swollen with multiple tiny fat globules in the cytoplasm, which can fuse to form a large globule that pushes the nucleus against the cell membrane.
- Examples: Liver cells in fatty liver disease, due to excess fat intake, starvation, or liver disease.
Cloudy Swelling
- Definition: Reversible cell injury characterized by swelling of cells and granularity of cytoplasm, representing water accumulation in the cytoplasm.
- Causes: Often caused by hypoxia, toxemia, and acute inflammation.
- Pathogenesis: Mild injury leads to a reduction in ATP, causing sodium to enter the cell and potassium to exit, followed by water accumulation.
- Pathologic features: Affects highly specialized parenchymatous cells, such as kidney, liver, and heart muscles.
- Gross picture: Affected organs appear swollen, pale, and soft, with rounded borders and a cloudy, opaque cut surface.
- Microscopic picture: Cells are swollen with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, while the nucleus is normal.
- Fate: Reversible, with cells returning to normal if the injury is stopped.
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Description
This quiz covers the definition, causes, and pathogenesis of reversible cell injury, including the effects of hypoxia, toxaemia, and acute inflammation on cellular function. Learn about the impact on oxidative phosphorylation and cellular metabolism.
