Cell Injury and Apoptosis Quiz

Substances in our daily lives that can harm cells, including pollutants, pesticides, industrial hazards, recreational drugs, and medications with side effects.

Living organisms that can cause cell injury, ranging in size from viruses to parasites.

The body's defense system, which can also cause cell damage if it attacks the body's own tissues.

Initial changes in cells that are reversible, such as swelling, and can be detected with specialized methods.

The point at which cell damage becomes irreversible and leads to cell death.

The visible signs of cell death that can be observed with a light microscope.

The process of cell death, which is a natural part of the life cycle of cells, but can also be caused by injury.

Programmed cell death that's controlled by specific molecular pathways, leading to a clean, organized cell demise without inflammation.

A specific type of necrosis where a cell's death is genetically regulated through a defined molecular pathway.

Molecules released from damaged cells that signal the immune system about severe cell injury.

Immune cells that recognize and engulf cell debris, cleaning up the 'accident site' and triggering inflammation.

Chemical messengers produced by immune cells that induce inflammation, leading to a cascade of events.

Proteins that break down other proteins, playing a crucial role in the breakdown of dead cells.

The process of engulfing and breaking down dead cells by macrophages, contributing to clearing the 'accident site'.

The process of separating necrosis and apoptosis isn't always clear-cut, and some situations may show characteristics of both or transition between them.

Elimination of excessive cells during development, like removing extra fingers during fetal development.

The process of tissues shrinking due to the loss of cells, like the shrinking of the uterus after childbirth.

Cell death that is a natural part of development, like shedding skin cells

The breakdown of hormone-dependent tissues when hormone levels decrease, like the shedding of the uterine lining during menstruation.

A constant process of cell division and death to maintain a balanced number of cells, like the renewal of skin cells.

The process of cell death that occurs when cells are damaged and can't be repaired. It is characterized by swelling, rupture of the cell membrane, and inflammation.

The death of cells in a planned and orderly way. It is a normal part of development and maintenance.

The mitochondrial pathway is a main way that cells commit suicide. It happens when there's damage inside the cell, like from toxins or lack of oxygen. To die, the cell's mitochondria release proteins like cytochrome c, which activate a cascade of enzymes, eventually leading to cell breakdown.

BCL2 family proteins are like gatekeepers. Some, like BAX and BAK, trigger cell death by opening the mitochondrial door, releasing cytochrome c. Others, like BCL2 and BCL-XL, act as 'protectors' by blocking this release and saving the cell.

Cytochrome c, released from the mitochondria, acts like a signal for other enzymes called caspases. These caspases trigger a chain reaction that leads to breakdown of the cell's components.

Unlike the mitochondrial pathway, the death receptor pathway is triggered by signals from outside the cell. These signals bind to receptors on the cell's surface, activating a chain reaction that ultimately leads to cell death.

Apoptosis is a neatly controlled process where cells break down into smaller pieces, called apoptotic bodies. These bodies are then engulfed by other cells, preventing inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues.

A type of cell death characterized by the breakdown and liquefaction of tissue due to the action of hydrolytic enzymes, often seen in the brain following an infarct.

A type of necrosis characterized by the formation of white, chalky deposits due to the breakdown of fat cells by pancreatic lipases and subsequent saponification of fatty acids with calcium.

A type of necrosis commonly seen in the extremities (especially legs) that have lost blood supply, leading to tissue death and discoloration. It usually involves coagulative necrosis, but liquefactive necrosis can be added by bacterial infection.

A type of necrosis characterized by a cheesy, friable appearance often observed in tuberculous infections. It is a specific type of coagulative necrosis with a distinctive appearance.

A type of necrosis that occurs mainly in blood vessels, characterized by damage to the walls of blood vessels often caused by immune-mediated reactions.

A process involving the release of activated pancreatic lipases into the peritoneal cavity, which leads to the breakdown of fat cells and formation of chalky-white deposits.

The process of cell death characterized by a loss of normal cell structure and function, with visible signs like pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis.

A type of necrosis where a loss of blood supply leads to tissue death, often followed by bacteria infection and further tissue breakdown.

Cell death caused by various factors including physical trauma, chemical exposure, radiation, and infection, each affecting the cell in a distinctive way.

Cell death that is programmed and organized, involving a cascade of biochemical events that lead to the controlled dismantling of the cell without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding tissues.