Cell Injury and Adaptations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the ultimate result of cell injury if the damaging stimulus persists?

  • Cell death (correct)
  • Complete recovery
  • Tissue repair
  • Cell adaptation

    • Which type of cell death is always pathological?

  • Necrosis (correct)
  • Apoptosis
  • Cell adaptation
  • Metaplasia

    • Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypoxic cell injury?

  • Ischemia
  • Hyperoxia (correct)
  • Lung disease
  • Anemia

    • Which sequence of events occurs when a cell is exposed to an injurious agent?

    <p>Cell injury leading to either repair or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way reversible cell injury differs from irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Reversible injury allows for restoration of normal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes apoptosis?

    <p>It is internally controlled cell suicide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does persistent strong injurious stimuli have on cells?

    <p>Irreversible injury leading to cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial reaction of normal cells when stressed by increased demand?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypertrophy characterized by?

    <p>An increase in the size of the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario does physiological hyperplasia NOT typically occur?

    <p>Excessive growth of endometrial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues is most likely to undergo hypertrophy in response to increased workload?

    <p>Cardiomyocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes hypertrophy from hyperplasia?

    <p>Hypertrophy results in increased cell size, while hyperplasia results in increased cell number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can pathologic hyperplasia potentially lead to?

    <p>Development of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hypertrophy is correct?

    <p>Hypertrophy occurs in response to increased cellular demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hyperplasia occurs when liver cells multiply after a portion has been removed?

    <p>Compensatory hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which physiological condition is hypertrophy likely to occur?

    <p>Increased physical training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur in the uterine smooth muscle during pregnancy?

    <p>Hypertrophy and hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by shrinkage in the size of cells?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of atrophy?

    <p>Diminished blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involution in the context of tissue adaptation?

    <p>Reduction in cell number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypoplasia?

    <p>A developmental disorder that leads to an organ not reaching its full size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is often linked to aging as a cause of atrophy?

    <p>Senile atrophy of the brain leading to dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes aplasia?

    <p>Failure of cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the relationship between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

    <p>Hyperplasia increases the number of cells, while hypertrophy increases the size of existing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is most susceptible to hypoxic injury?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of increased intracellular calcium concentration during ischemia?

    <p>Activation of damaging enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physical agent that can cause cell injury?

    <p>Mechanical trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oxidative stress relate to free radical injury?

    <p>It is a consequence of free radical accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of cell injury involves damage to the nucleus?

    <p>Nuclear and DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can result from the enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals?

    <p>Free radical injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a potential source of free radicals as mentioned?

    <p>Therapeutic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a state of inadequate tissue perfusion?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antioxidants play in relation to free radicals?

    <p>They remove or inactivate free radicals to minimize injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lipids during free radical injury?

    <p>Lipid peroxidation occurs, damaging cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Persistent physiological changes that cannot be reversed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of oxidative stress caused by free radicals?

    <p>Cell aging and malignant transformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide?

    <p>Catalase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the ultrastructural changes in reversible cell injury?

    <p>Hydropic degeneration of the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will likely happen if there is an imbalance between free radical generation and scavenging systems?

    <p>Oxidative stress leading to cell injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following free radicals is also a chemical mediator in the body?

    <p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Injury and Adaptations

    • Injury can be reversible or irreversible depending on the type, severity, and duration.
    • Reversible Cell Injury: Cellular changes can be reversed if the damaging stimulus is removed.
    • Irreversible Cell Injury: Continuous or severe injury results in permanent damage leading to cell death.
    • Cell Death: Cell death is the ultimate consequence of irreversible injury.
      • Two main types of cell death are necrosis and apoptosis.
      • Necrosis is always pathological and occurs due to ischemia or chemical injury.
      • Apoptosis is a programmed cell death initiated internally.

    Adaptations to Cellular Stress

    • Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size, leading to a larger tissue or organ. This occurs in cells incapable of dividing.
      • Physiological Hypertrophy: Occurs naturally due to increased demands (e.g., uterus during pregnancy, breast during lactation).
      • Pathological Hypertrophy: Caused by excessive demands (e.g., hypertrophy of the heart in hypertension or aortic valve disease).
    • Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells, leading to tissue or organ enlargement. Occurs in cells capable of replication.
      • Physiological Hyperplasia:
        • Hormonal Hyperplasia: Occurs due to hormone stimulation (e.g., breast development during puberty).
        • Compensatory Hyperplasia: Occurs when a part of an organ is removed (e.g., liver regeneration after partial resection).
      • Pathological Hyperplasia: Abnormal cell proliferation due to excessive hormone or growth factor stimulation (e.g., endometrial hyperplasia).
    • Atrophy: Shrinkage in cell size, causing a decrease in the size of the organ. Atrophic cells are not dead but have reduced function.
      • Causes of Atrophy:
        • Decreased workload or disuse (e.g., immobilized limb).
        • Loss of innervation (e.g., muscle atrophy due to nerve injury).
        • Diminished blood supply.
        • Inadequate nutrition.
        • Loss of endocrine stimulation (e.g., atrophy after menopause).
        • Aging (e.g., senile atrophy of the brain).
    • Involution: Reduction in cell number.
    • Hypoplasia: An organ fails to reach its full size, a developmental disorder.
    • Aplasia: Failure of cell production, a developmental disorder.

    Causes of Cell Injury

    • Hypoxia (Oxygen Deprivation): Common cause of cell injury and death, can be due to:
      • Ischemia: Obstruction of blood flow (e.g., myocardial infarction).
      • Inadequate Oxygenation of the Blood: Lung diseases, carbon monoxide poisoning.
      • Decreased Oxygen-Carrying Capacity of the Blood: Anemia.
      • Inadequate Tissue Perfusion: Cardiorespiratory failure, hypotension, shock.
    • Physical Agents: Mechanical trauma, burns, cold, changes in pressure, radiation, electric shock.
    • Chemical Agents and Drugs: Oxygen in high concentrations, poisons, pollutants, insecticides, alcohol, drugs.
    • Infectious Agents: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites.
    • Immunologic Agents: Autoimmune reactions (e.g., thyroid damage).
    • Genetic Derangements: Genetic mutations (e.g., sickle cell anemia).
    • Nutritional Imbalances: Deficiencies or excesses of essential nutrients.

    Mechanisms of Cell Injury

    • Depletion of ATP: Reduced energy production disrupts cellular processes.
    • Cell Membrane Damage: Changes in membrane permeability lead to leakage of cell contents and influx of unwanted substances.
    • Mitochondrial Damage: Critical for energy production, damage can lead to cell death.
    • Ribosomal Damage: Impaired protein synthesis.
    • Nuclear and DNA Damage: Genetic material is compromised.
    • Influx of Intracellular Calcium: Excess calcium activates enzymes that can damage cells.
    • Free Radical Injury: Highly reactive molecules damage lipids, proteins, and DNA.

    Free Radical Injury

    • Free Radicals: Reactive molecules with an unpaired electron, generated by normal metabolism, radiation, toxins, and inflammation.
    • Examples of Free Radicals: Superoxide anion radical (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl ions (OH-), nitric oxide (NO).
    • Damage Caused by Free Radicals: Lipid peroxidation of membranes, oxidative modification of proteins, DNA damage.
    • Free Radical Scavenging System: The body protects against free radical damage through antioxidants (e.g., vitamins E, A, C) and enzymes (e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutases).
    • Oxidative Stress: An imbalance between free radical generation and scavenging mechanisms.

    Mechanism of Hypoxic Cell Injury

    • Reduced Oxygen Supply: Leads to a decrease in ATP production.
    • Increased Anaerobic Metabolism: Produces lactic acid, decreasing pH and disrupting cell functions.
    • Cellular Swelling: Occurs due to water influx.
    • Ribosome Detachment: Impaired protein synthesis.
    • Mitochondrial Damage: Leads to further ATP depletion.

    Reversible vs. Irreversible Cell Injury

    • Reversible Cell Injury:
      • Cell swelling.
      • Vacuolization of cytoplasm.
      • Mild mitochondrial swelling.
      • Rough ER and plasma membrane damage.
      • Defect in protein synthesis.
      • Mild eosinophilia of cytoplasm.
    • Irreversible Cell Injury:
      • Severe mitochondrial damage.
      • Cell membrane damage.
      • Nuclear damage.
      • Cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).

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    Related Documents

    Pathology - Cell Injury Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on cellular injury and adaptations with this quiz. Explore concepts such as reversible and irreversible cell injury, necrosis, apoptosis, and hypertrophy. Understand how cells respond to stress and the implications for tissue health.

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