Cell Injury 2 Study Notes

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary site of fatty change in the body?

Kidney

Heart

Liver (correct)

Skeletal muscle

Which of the following is NOT a cause of fatty change?

Protein malnutrition

Obesity

Prolonged sun exposure (correct)

Diabetes mellitus

What morphological feature characterizes an enlarged fatty liver?

Firm consistency

Irregular shape

Rough surface

Yellowish color (correct)

Which of the following conditions can lead to fatty change in the heart?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of mild fatty change?

It may have no effect. Signup and view all the answers

What type of pigment disorder is characterized by the absence of melanin?

Albinism Signup and view all the answers

Which pigment disorder results in brown patches on the face due to hormonal changes?

Chloasma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stains is used to identify fat in frozen tissue sections?

Oil Red O Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of microscopically examined fatty liver cells?

Swollen cells with droplets of fat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with hypoxia as a cause of fatty change?

Starvation Signup and view all the answers

What is Lipochrome commonly associated with in the body?

An increase in pigmentation with old age Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pigmentation is associated with hemoglobin-derived pigments?

Jaundice-related bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Hemosiderin as observed under H&E stain?

Golden brown pigment Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes dystrophic calcification from metastatic calcification?

Dystrophic occurs despite normal serum calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is hemosiderin commonly found?

Hemosiderosis Signup and view all the answers

What does pathological calcification imply?

Abnormal calcium deposition in living tissues Signup and view all the answers

Hemosiderin can be identified using which staining method?

Prussian blue stain Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is typically associated with hypercalcemia?

Metastatic calcification Signup and view all the answers

What signifies an increase in hemosiderin in the hepatic system?

Engulfment of parasites by macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What effect does old age primarily have on Lipochrome levels?

Increases Lipochrome in heart and liver Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Injury 2 - Study Notes

Intended Learning Objectives: Describe fatty change (definition, causes, sites, significance, and morphological changes); list types and causes of pigment disorders; and recall the definition and types of pathologic calcification.

Fatty Change

Definition: Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells.
Site: Primarily the liver (central role in fat metabolism), but can also occur in the heart (e.g., anemia, starvation), skeletal muscle, kidneys, and other organs.
Causes: Toxins (e.g., alcohol abuse), diabetes mellitus, protein malnutrition (starvation), obesity, and hypoxia.
Significance: Depends on severity of accumulation; mild cases may have no effect; severe cases can lead to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis.
Morphological Features (Gross): Enlarged liver, preserved shape, smooth surface, yellowish-greasy color, soft and greasy consistency, stretched (non-adherent) capsule, and a bulging cross-section with rounded edges.
Morphological Features (Microscopic): Swollen cells with fat droplets within the cytoplasm; appearing as empty vacuoles in H&E stained sections but stained by fat stains (e.g., Oil Red O) in frozen sections.

Disorders of Pigmentation

Melanin Deficiency: Albinism (hereditary absence of tyrosinase enzyme; white hair, pink skin, and iris); Leucoderma (white skin patches due to melanin loss; vitiligo, secondary to leprosy or syphilis, or idiopathic).
Melanin Hyperpigmentation: Prolonged sun exposure; Chloasma (melasma: brown patches on face, nipples, and genitalia due to increased estrogen levels); Freckles (brown spots due to ultraviolet rays exposure and genetic predisposition).
Lipofuscin (Lipochrome): Yellowish-brown pigment normally found in heart, liver, testes, seminal vesicles, and adrenal glands; increases with age and in atrophic conditions (e.g., brown atrophy of the heart).
Hemoglobin-Derived Pigments: Bilirubin (increases in jaundice); Hemoglobin (increases in malaria and bilharziasis); Hemosiderin (increases in hemosiderosis, positive to Prussian blue stain).

Exogenous Pigmentations

Tattooing: Indian ink pigments are engulfed by dermal macrophages, becoming permanently deposited.
Anthracosis: Inhalation of carbon dust particles; phagocytized by alveolar macrophages and transported to lymph nodes.

Pathological Calcification

Definition: Abnormal deposit of calcium salts in tissues, unlike in bone and teeth.
Dystrophic Calcification: Calcium deposition in dead or dying tissues (e.g., areas of necrosis, atheromatous patches). Occurs with normal serum calcium levels.
Metastatic Calcification: Calcium deposition in normal tissues, often due to hypercalcemia.

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Description

Explore the effects and characteristics of fatty change in cells, focusing on definitions, causes, and significance. This study notes quiz will also cover pigment disorders and pathologic calcification, helping you reinforce key concepts in cell injury.