Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary site of fatty change in the body?
What is the primary site of fatty change in the body?
- Kidney
- Heart
- Liver (correct)
- Skeletal muscle
Which of the following is NOT a cause of fatty change?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of fatty change?
- Protein malnutrition
- Obesity
- Prolonged sun exposure (correct)
- Diabetes mellitus
What morphological feature characterizes an enlarged fatty liver?
What morphological feature characterizes an enlarged fatty liver?
- Firm consistency
- Irregular shape
- Rough surface
- Yellowish color (correct)
Which of the following conditions can lead to fatty change in the heart?
Which of the following conditions can lead to fatty change in the heart?
What is the significance of mild fatty change?
What is the significance of mild fatty change?
What type of pigment disorder is characterized by the absence of melanin?
What type of pigment disorder is characterized by the absence of melanin?
Which pigment disorder results in brown patches on the face due to hormonal changes?
Which pigment disorder results in brown patches on the face due to hormonal changes?
Which of the following stains is used to identify fat in frozen tissue sections?
Which of the following stains is used to identify fat in frozen tissue sections?
What is a common feature of microscopically examined fatty liver cells?
What is a common feature of microscopically examined fatty liver cells?
Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with hypoxia as a cause of fatty change?
Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with hypoxia as a cause of fatty change?
What is Lipochrome commonly associated with in the body?
What is Lipochrome commonly associated with in the body?
Which type of pigmentation is associated with hemoglobin-derived pigments?
Which type of pigmentation is associated with hemoglobin-derived pigments?
What are the characteristics of Hemosiderin as observed under H&E stain?
What are the characteristics of Hemosiderin as observed under H&E stain?
What distinguishes dystrophic calcification from metastatic calcification?
What distinguishes dystrophic calcification from metastatic calcification?
In which condition is hemosiderin commonly found?
In which condition is hemosiderin commonly found?
What does pathological calcification imply?
What does pathological calcification imply?
Hemosiderin can be identified using which staining method?
Hemosiderin can be identified using which staining method?
Which condition is typically associated with hypercalcemia?
Which condition is typically associated with hypercalcemia?
What signifies an increase in hemosiderin in the hepatic system?
What signifies an increase in hemosiderin in the hepatic system?
What effect does old age primarily have on Lipochrome levels?
What effect does old age primarily have on Lipochrome levels?
Flashcards
Lipochrome (Lipofuscin)
Lipochrome (Lipofuscin)
A yellowish-brown pigment found naturally in organs like the heart, liver, and testes. It increases with age and in conditions like brown atrophy of the heart.
Bilirubin
Bilirubin
A pigment derived from hemoglobin, responsible for the yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera in jaundice.
Hemozoin (Haematin)
Hemozoin (Haematin)
A form of heme pigment found in parasitic infections like malaria. It is formed by the parasite and ingested by macrophages.
Hemosiderin
Hemosiderin
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Jaundice
Jaundice
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Pathological Calcification
Pathological Calcification
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Dystrophic Calcification
Dystrophic Calcification
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Metastatic Calcification
Metastatic Calcification
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What is fatty change?
What is fatty change?
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Where is fatty change most commonly found?
Where is fatty change most commonly found?
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Where else can fatty change occur?
Where else can fatty change occur?
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What is the most significant cause of fatty change?
What is the most significant cause of fatty change?
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What are other causes of fatty change?
What are other causes of fatty change?
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How significant is fatty change?
How significant is fatty change?
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What are the possible consequences of severe fatty change?
What are the possible consequences of severe fatty change?
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What are the gross features of fatty liver?
What are the gross features of fatty liver?
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What are the microscopic features of fatty liver?
What are the microscopic features of fatty liver?
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How can we confirm the presence of fat in liver cells?
How can we confirm the presence of fat in liver cells?
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Study Notes
Cell Injury 2 - Study Notes
- Intended Learning Objectives: Describe fatty change (definition, causes, sites, significance, and morphological changes); list types and causes of pigment disorders; and recall the definition and types of pathologic calcification.
Fatty Change
- Definition: Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells.
- Site: Primarily the liver (central role in fat metabolism), but can also occur in the heart (e.g., anemia, starvation), skeletal muscle, kidneys, and other organs.
- Causes: Toxins (e.g., alcohol abuse), diabetes mellitus, protein malnutrition (starvation), obesity, and hypoxia.
- Significance: Depends on severity of accumulation; mild cases may have no effect; severe cases can lead to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis.
- Morphological Features (Gross): Enlarged liver, preserved shape, smooth surface, yellowish-greasy color, soft and greasy consistency, stretched (non-adherent) capsule, and a bulging cross-section with rounded edges.
- Morphological Features (Microscopic): Swollen cells with fat droplets within the cytoplasm; appearing as empty vacuoles in H&E stained sections but stained by fat stains (e.g., Oil Red O) in frozen sections.
Disorders of Pigmentation
- Melanin Deficiency: Albinism (hereditary absence of tyrosinase enzyme; white hair, pink skin, and iris); Leucoderma (white skin patches due to melanin loss; vitiligo, secondary to leprosy or syphilis, or idiopathic).
- Melanin Hyperpigmentation: Prolonged sun exposure; Chloasma (melasma: brown patches on face, nipples, and genitalia due to increased estrogen levels); Freckles (brown spots due to ultraviolet rays exposure and genetic predisposition).
- Lipofuscin (Lipochrome): Yellowish-brown pigment normally found in heart, liver, testes, seminal vesicles, and adrenal glands; increases with age and in atrophic conditions (e.g., brown atrophy of the heart).
- Hemoglobin-Derived Pigments: Bilirubin (increases in jaundice); Hemoglobin (increases in malaria and bilharziasis); Hemosiderin (increases in hemosiderosis, positive to Prussian blue stain).
Exogenous Pigmentations
- Tattooing: Indian ink pigments are engulfed by dermal macrophages, becoming permanently deposited.
- Anthracosis: Inhalation of carbon dust particles; phagocytized by alveolar macrophages and transported to lymph nodes.
Pathological Calcification
- Definition: Abnormal deposit of calcium salts in tissues, unlike in bone and teeth.
- Dystrophic Calcification: Calcium deposition in dead or dying tissues (e.g., areas of necrosis, atheromatous patches). Occurs with normal serum calcium levels.
- Metastatic Calcification: Calcium deposition in normal tissues, often due to hypercalcemia.
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