Cell Energy and Thermodynamics
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Questions and Answers

Match the following cellular components with their function:

Nucleus = Control center storing genetic information Ribosomes = Sites of protein synthesis in cells Mitochondria = Powerhouses of the cell for energy production Lysosomes = Vesicles containing enzymes for digestion

Match the following membrane components with their role:

Phospholipid Bilayer = Forms the basic structure of the membrane Transmembrane Proteins = Aid in the transport of substances across the membrane Cholesterol = Modulates membrane fluidity Glycolipids = Cell recognition and signaling

Match the following transport mechanisms with their description

Passive Transport = Movement across membranes without energy use Active Transport = Energy-requiring process to move molecules across membranes Osmosis = Water movement across a selectively permeable membrane Exocytosis = Process of moving substances out of the cell

Match the following types of solutions with their effect on cells

<p>Hypotonic Solution = Lower solute concentration outside the cell leading to cell swelling Hypertonic Solution = Higher solute concentration outside the cell leading to cell shrinking Isotonic Solution = Equal solute concentrations inside and outside the cell resulting in no net change in volume Osmoregulation = Control of water balance in organisms to counteract osmotic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following energy concepts with their definition:

<p>Kinetic energy = Energy of motion in moving objects Potential energy = Stored energy due to location or structure Entropy = Measure of disorder in energy conversions Chemical energy = Potential energy stored in covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following laws of thermodynamics with their principles:

<p>First Law of Thermodynamics = Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted Second Law of Thermodynamics = Energy conversions increase disorder, or entropy Energy conversion efficiency = Not all energy changes are 100% efficient Heat energy = Energy lost during energy conversions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their role in cellular energy:

<p>Cellular Respiration = Process converting glucose into ATP energy ATP = Adenosine triphosphate, energy currency of cells ADP = Adenosine diphosphate, product of ATP breakdown Phosphate Transfer = Process of transferring phosphate groups between molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of cellular work with their description:

<p>Chemical Work = Energy used to drive chemical reactions Transport Work = Energy used to pump substances across membranes Mechanical Work = Energy used for movement, such as muscle contraction Electrical Work = Energy used to generate and maintain ion gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following enzyme-related terms with their correct definitions:

<p>Active Site = Region on an enzyme where substrate binds Substrate = Reactant molecule that an enzyme acts upon Catalyst = Substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed Enzymes = Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following enzyme inhibitors with their mechanism of action:

<p>Competitive Inhibitors = Substances that block substrate from binding to enzyme Noncompetitive Inhibitors = Bind elsewhere on enzyme, altering its shape Denaturation = Loss of enzyme structure due to high temperature Negative Feedback = Product inhibits an enzyme to regulate pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nitrogenous bases to their corresponding pairing partner in DNA:

<p>Adenine = Thymine Guanine = Cytosine Cytosine = Guanine Thymine = Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nitrogenous bases to their corresponding location in the nucleic acids.

<p>Uracil = Only in RNA Thymine = Only in DNA Adenine = In both DNA and RNA Guanine = In both DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their roles in constructing RNA:

<p>Phosphate Group = connects sugar and bases Ribose = Sugar in RNA, has one extra oxygen atom. Uracil = Nucleobase unique to RNA Nitrogenous Bases = Attach to ribose and pair to complement base</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lipids with their structural features:

<p>Triglycerides = A combination of glycerol and three fatty acids Phospholipids = Structurally similar to fats but contain only two fatty acids Steroids = Molecules with a carbon skeleton bent to form four fused rings Fatty acids = Building blocks of fats, which can be saturated or unsaturated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms relating to solutions with their example:

<p>Solute = Salt in salt-water mixture Solvent = Water in salt-water mixture Solution = Prepared salt-water mixture Dissolving = Process when salt molecules disperse in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bonds with their strength:

<p>Covalent bond = Strong, formed by shared electrons. Ionic bonds = Intermediate, formed btwn charged molecules. Hydrogen Bond = Weak, formed between hydrogen atoms. Van Der Waals Interactions = Very Weak, temporary attractions between molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following polysaccharides with their primary function:

<p>Cellulose = Structural component of plant cell walls Starch = Energy storage in plants Glycogen = Energy storage in animals Chitin = Structural component in insects and fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the four levels of protein structure with the description.

<p>Primary structure = The amino acid sequence in a protein. Secondary structure = Formed by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary structure = Formed by interactions between R groups. Quaternary structure = Complete protein, with multiple polypeptide subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following chemical functional groups to the elements they are composed of:

<p>Hydroxyl group = Hydrogen and Oxygen. Carbonyl group = Carbon and Oxygen. Amino group = Nitrogen and Hydrogen. Carboxyl group = Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following carbohydrate terms with their definitions:

<p>Monosaccharides = Simple sugars, composed only of a sugar monomer. Isomers = Monosaccharides that are nearly identical, such as glucose and fructose, have the same composition but different molecular structures. Disaccharide = A double sugar constructed from two monosaccharides joined by the process of dehydration synthesis. Polysaccharides = Carbohydrates made up of long chains of sugar monomers that can be several thousand units long and may be straight or branched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following molecules with associated storage function:

<p>Polysaccharides = Storage of glucose in plants and animals. Triglycerides = Long term energy storage in animals. ATP = Short-term energy storage in cells. Proteins = Storage of amino acids for later use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following amino acid characteristics with their potential impact on protein folding:

<p>Hydrophobic = Located in the interior of the protein avoid water. Hydrophilic = Found on the exterior the protein interact favorably toward with water. Acidic = Participate in ion interactions. Basic = Participate in ion interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following macromolecules with their constituent monomers:

<p>Proteins = Amino acids Nucleic acids = Nucleotides Polysaccharides = Monosaccharides Lipids = Glycerol and Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following food components with associated functions:

<p>Protein = Building and repairing body tissues. Carbohydrates = Provides quick sources of energy. Lipids = Store energy and cushion organs. Dietary Fiber = Ensures proper digestive activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts to their definition:

<p>Virus = Highly infectious parasitic microorganisms. Bacteria = Single-celled microorganisms, in every habitat on Earth. Prokaryotic Cells = Simple cells lacking a true nucleus. Eukaryotic Cells = Complex cells with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following locations to the appropriate cells:

<p>Prokaryotic cell = Nucleoid Region Eukaryotic Cell = Nucleus Chloroplasts = Plant cells Mitochondira = Animal and Plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microscopy elements with their functions.

<p>Microscopes = instrument to magnify small specimens for study. Light Microscope = Uses light to magnify images of specimens. Electron Microscope = Uses electrons for higher magnification and detail. Scanning Electron Microscope = Examines surface details of small objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes to where monomers are linked or unlinked inside of our cells:

<p>Linked = Process to form chains inside our cells, a chemical reaction of dehydration. Unlinked = Process to break bonds, reverses dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis = The process by which our cells break bonds to reverse dehydration synthesis. Dehydrate synthesis = Process by which monomers are linked inside our cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components describing DNA structure.

<p>Double helix = Two strands of DNA join together to form this structure. Strand = The sides of the later made of sugar-phosphate. Bases = The rungs of the ladder are complementary bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures or molecules to their role in inheritance.

<p>DNA = Chemical material of genes, carries hereditary information. Genes = Units of inheritance transmitting traits from parents. Mutation = Change in DNA sequence leading to genetic variation. Natural Selection = Mechanism driving evolution through survival of the fittest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientific processes or terms with their description:

<p>Scientific Method = Systematic process for investigating phenomena and testing hypotheses. Deductive Reasoning = Logical process of deriving specific predictions from general principles. Hypothesis = Testable explanation for a set of observations. Experiment = A test to prove, that proves or disproves a hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine the pH Levels:

<p>More than 7 = considered to be a base. Less than 7 = considered to be a acid. Neutral Levels = A pH near 7 is considered neutral. pH = The unit used to measure the relative amount of H+ ions in a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the correct pairing of a base for DNA or RAN.

<p>Guanine = Cytosine Thymine = Adenine Uracil = Adenine Cytosine = Guanine Adenine = Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following chemical elements to their appropriate functions:

<p>Carbon = Forms the backbone of organic molecules. Oxygen = Essential for cellular respiration and energy metabolism. Hydrogen = Component of water and organic molecules. Nitrogen = Key component of amino acids and nucleic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following properties of water with their biological significance:

<p>Cohesion = Transport of water in plants. High Heat Capacity = Stabilizing temperature in aquatic environments. Ice Floats = Insulates bodies of water, supporting life beneath. Solvent = Dissolving nutrient for biochemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of life with their definition.

<p>Adaption = Species adjusting to environment. Response to stimuli = Organisms reacting toward external triggers. Regulation = Organisms maintaining a stable internal environment. Growth and Organization = Organisms reproducing to create future organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of cell theory.

<p>All living things are composed of = One or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of = Structure and organization in organisms. Cells arise from = Pre-existing cells. Cells carry = Hereditary information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their relationship or importance.

<p>Element = Substance that cannot be broken down. Atom = Smallest unit of an element that retains properties. Compound = Combined atoms of two or more elements. Molecule = Group of atoms bonded together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the bond with atoms involved and description.

<p>Covalent Bond = Sharing of electrons between atoms-strong bond. Ionic Bond = Transfer of electrons between ions- form ions. Hydrogen Bond = Weak attraction, hydrogen and electronegative. Molecule = Water strider walk on water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the appropriate term to an accurate description.

<p>Carbon = Has four valence electrons Organic Chemistry = Carbon compounds (study of)! Hydroxyl = Functional group that allows alcohol existence! Double-bond = Shortens length/changes geometry of molecule!</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell structures to their primary functions:

<p>Ribosomes = Protein synthesis Mitochondria = ATP production Nucleus = Storage of genetic information Lysosomes = Intracellular digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to energy with their correct definition:

<p>Kinetic energy = Energy of motion Potential energy = Stored energy Entropy = Measure of disorder Chemical energy = Energy stored in chemical bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to solutions with their definitions:

<p>Hypotonic = Lower solute concentration outside the cell Hypertonic = Higher solute concentration outside the cell Isotonic = Equal solute concentration Osmosis = Water movement across a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following membrane transport mechanisms with their descriptions:

<p>Passive transport = Movement across membranes without energy Active transport = Movement across membranes with energy Endocytosis = Bringing substances into the cell Exocytosis = Moving substances out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match these scientists with their major contributions to cell theory:

<p>Schleiden = All plants are made of cells. Schwann = All animals are made of cells. Virchow = All cells arise from pre-existing cells. Hooke = First to observe cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term relating to microscopy with its function:

<p>Light microscope = Uses light for magnification Electron microscope = Uses electrons for high resolution SEM = Examines surface details. TEM = Examines internal structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each enzyme function with the corresponding term:

<p>Catalyst = Speeds up reactions Substrate = Reactant acted upon Active site = Enzyme binding region Inhibitor = Reduces activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the processes with their descriptions:

<p>Cellular respiration = Converts glucose to ATP Photosynthesis = Converts light to energy Metabolism = All chemical reactions in the body Digestion = Breakdown of food for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions related to membrane structure:

<p>Phospholipid bilayer = Double layer of phospholipids Hydrophilic head = Water-attracting part Hydrophobic tail = Water-repelling part Membrane protein = Embedded protein for functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cell components with their functions:

<p>Cell wall = Provides support and protection to plant cells Cell membrane = Regulates the transport of materials Cytoplasm = Site of many biochemical reactions Nucleus = Controls cellular activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to thermodynamics with their appropriate descriptions:

<p>First Law = Energy cannot be created or destroyed Second Law = Energy conversions increase disorder Heat = Energy lost during conversions Efficiency = Not all energy changes are 100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the energy terms with their corresponding units or descriptions:

<p>Calorie = Energy to raise 1g of water by 1°C Kilocalorie = 1000 calories, used in food energy Food energy = Measured in kilocalories on food labels Energy expenditure = Calories burned through activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions in cell signaling:

<p>Receptor = Protein that binds specific molecules Signal transduction = Molecules relaying signals Epinephrine = Hormone triggering energy release Secondary messenger = Relays signals from receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match these terms with the definitions related to solutions and osmosis:

<p>Isotonic = Equal solute concentrations inside and outside Hypotonic = Lower solute concentration outside Hypertonic = Higher solute concentration outside Osmoregulation = Control of water balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match terms relating to enzyme inhibitors with their mechanisms:

<p>Competitive inhibitor = Blocks substrate from binding Noncompetitive inhibitor = Alters enzyme shape Allosteric regulation = Binds at a site other than the active site. Feedback inhibition = Product inhibits an enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each macromolecule with its primary components:

<p>Carbohydrate = Monosaccharides Protein = Amino Acids Nucleic Acid = Nucleotides Lipid = Fatty acids and glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structural levels of proteins with their descriptions:

<p>Primary = Amino acid sequence Secondary = Local folding stabilized by hydrogen bonds Tertiary = Three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide Quaternary = Association of multiple polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classify each protein type with its general function:

<p>Enzymes = Catalyze reactions Structural proteins = Provide support Transport proteins = Carry substances Defensive proteins = Protect against disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to nucleic acids with their roles:

<p>DNA = Stores genetic information RNA = Transcribes and translates genetic code Nucleotide = Monomer of nucleic acids Double helix = Two DNA strands joined together</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of lipid with its characteristic structure or function:

<p>Triglyceride = Glycerol and three fatty acids Phospholipid = Two fatty acids and a phosphate group Steroid = Four fused rings Cholesterol = Base steroid for producing other steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their role in cell structure and function:

<p>Cytoskeleton = Cell shape and support Cell junctions = Communication between cells Extracellular matrix = Connects animal cells Plasma membrane = Controls material flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions related to the study of life:

<p>Biology = Scientific study of life Ecology = Organisms and environment interactions Evolution = Genetic changes over generations Genetics = Study of heredity and genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scientific process terms with their descriptions:

<p>Hypothesis = Possible explanation for phenomena Experiment = Test of a hypothesis Observation = Gathering information about phenomena Conclusion = Evaluation of experimental results</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their significance in cellular energy:

<p>ATP = Energy currency of cells ADP = Product of ATP breakdown Exergonic reaction = Releases energy Endergonic reaction = Requires energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the macromolecules with their example:

<p>Carbohydrates = Cellulose Proteins = Enzymes Nucleic acids = DNA Lipids = Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are different kingdoms of life organized?

<p>Kingdom Plantae = Photosynthetic organisms Kingdom Fungi = Decomposers of organic material Kingdom Animalia = Multicellular, heterotrophic Kingdom Protista = Catch-all for diverse eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms associated with water's unique properties:

<p>Cohesion = Water molecules stick together Adhesion = Water sticks to other surfaces High heat capacity = Absorbs heat without large temperature change Solvent = Dissolves polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each chemical element with its role:

<p>Carbon = Forms organic molecules Nitrogen = Component of proteins and nucleic acids Oxygen = Essential for respiration Hydrogen = Component of water and organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the atomic structures with their characteristics:

<p>Proton = Positive charge, in the nucleus Neutron = No charge, in the nucleus Electron = Negative charge, orbits the nucleus Nucleus = Contains protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of chemical bond with its description:

<p>Covalent bond = Sharing of electrons Ionic bond = Transfer of electrons Hydrogen bond = Weak attraction between polar molecules Polar covalent bond = Unequal sharing of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each functional group with its chemical nature:

<p>Hydroxyl = Polar, found in alcohols Carbonyl = Found in sugars Carboxyl = Acidic, found in amino acids Amino = Basic, found in amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each organelle with its function inside a cell:

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum = Synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids Golgi apparatus = Modifies and packages proteins Lysosomes = Breaks down cellular waste Vacuoles = Stores water and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each domain of life with its specific cellular characteristics:

<p>Bacteria = Prokaryotic; lacks a nucleus Archaea = Prokaryotic; often found in extreme environments Eukarya = Eukaryotic; contains a nucleus and complex organelles Viruses = Non-cellular; requires a host to replicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the solution with its description:

<p>Acid = Donates H+ ions Base = Removes H+ ions Buffer = Stabilizes pH Neutral = pH of 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the function to the carbohydrate

<p>Cellulose = Provides structure in plant cell walls Starch = Stores energy in plants Glycogen = Stores energy in animals Fiber = Aids digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lipid is used for energy storage, cushioning, and insulation?

<p>Energy Storage = Fats store molecules for long-term energy use Cushioning = Fat pads protect pressure-sensitive body areas Insulation = Fat layers prevent heat loss around core Protection = Fat cushions can safeguard essential organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match processes within the environment

<p>Oxygen = Essential for Respiration Nutrient Cycling = Movement of nutrients through ecosystems Energy Flow = Transfer of energy through trophic levels Ecology = Interactions between organisms and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the nitrogenous base to its description:

<p>Thymine = A pyrimidine base found only in DNA, pairs with adenine Uracil = A pyrimidine base found only in RNA, replaces thymine Guanine = A purine base that pairs with cytosine in both DNA and RNA Cytosine = A pyrimidine base that pairs with guanine in both DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cell Membranes

<p>Selective Permeability = Controls substance passage and speed Transmembrane Proteins = Proteins aiding substance transport across membranes Plasma Membrane = Thin boundary separating cell from environment Phospholipid Bilayer = Double layer of phospholipids forming membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cellular components with their primary functions:

<p>Mitochondria = ATP production Ribosomes = Protein synthesis Nucleus = Storage of genetic information Lysosomes = Digestion of cellular waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of transport with its description:

<p>Active Transport = Requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient Passive Transport = Does not require energy; movement down the concentration gradient Osmosis = Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane Exocytosis = Expulsion of large molecules from a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each term to its correct definition related to solutions:

<p>Hypotonic = Solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution Hypertonic = Solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution Isotonic = Solutions with equal solute concentrations Osmoregulation = The control of water balance in an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following energy types with their descriptions:

<p>Kinetic Energy = Energy of motion Potential Energy = Stored energy Chemical Energy = Potential energy stored in chemical bonds Heat Energy = Energy released during energy conversions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each law of thermodynamics with its description:

<p>First Law of Thermodynamics = Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted Second Law of Thermodynamics = Energy conversions increase entropy in the universe Entropy = Measure of disorder or randomness in a system Energy Cycle = The continuous conversion between kinetic and potential energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to enzymes with their correct descriptions:

<p>Enzyme = Biological catalyst that speeds up reactions Substrate = Reactant that an enzyme acts upon Active Site = Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds Catalyst = Substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their roles in enzyme regulation:

<p>Competitive Inhibitor = Binds to the active site, blocking substrate binding Noncompetitive Inhibitor = Binds elsewhere on the enzyme, changing its shape Negative Feedback = Product of a reaction inhibits an enzyme in the pathway Allosteric Regulation = Binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with the description related to thermodynamics:

<p>Exergonic Reaction = Releases energy; spontaneous Endergonic Reaction = Requires energy input; non-spontaneous ATP = Primary energy currency of the cell ADP = Product of ATP hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptions with the appropriate components of the plasma membrane:

<p>Phospholipid Bilayer = Forms the basic structure of the membrane Selective Permeability = Allows only certain substances to cross the membrane Membrane Proteins = Perform various functions, including transport and signaling Fluid Mosaic Model = Describes the dynamic arrangement of the membrane components</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell structures with their roles:

<p>Smooth ER = Lipid synthesis and detoxification Rough ER = Protein synthesis and modification Golgi Apparatus = Modifies and packages proteins Vacuoles = Storage of water, nutrients, and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the class of macromolecules with their respective monomers:

<p>Carbohydrates = Monosaccharides Proteins = Amino acids Nucleic Acids = Nucleotides Lipids = Fatty Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each term to its correct association:

<p>Hydrolysis = Breaks down polymers using water Dehydration Synthesis = Builds polymers by removing water Monomer = Small subunit of a polymer Polymer = Large molecule composed of repeating subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the polysaccharide to its function:

<p>Starch = Energy storage in plants Glycogen = Energy storage in animals Cellulose = Structural component of plant cell walls Chitin = Structural component in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match protein's level of structure with its description:

<p>Primary Structure = Sequence of amino acids Secondary Structure = Alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonds Tertiary Structure = Three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between R groups Quaternary Structure = Association of multiple polypeptide subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to lipids:

<p>Saturated Fat = Solid at room temperature; no double bonds Unsaturated Fat = Liquid at room temperature; contains one or more double bonds Phospholipid = Major component of cell membranes Cholesterol = Steroid molecule important in maintaining membrane fluidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of protein with its function:

<p>Enzymes = Catalyze biochemical reactions Structural Proteins = Provide support and shape to cells Transport Proteins = Move substances across cell membranes Defensive Proteins = Protect against disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of nitrogenous base with its pairing:

<p>Adenine (DNA) = Pairs with Thymine (DNA) Guanine (DNA) = Pairs with Cytosine (DNA) Adenine (RNA) = Pairs with Uracil (RNA) Cytosine (RNA) = Pairs with Guanine (RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with the description related to the characteristics of organic compounds:

<p>Hydrocarbon = Organic molecule containing only carbon and hydrogen Functional Group = Atom or molecule attached to a carbon skeleton that confers specific properties Hydroxyl Group = Functional group found in alcohols and sugars Carbonyl Group = Functional group found in sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each Domain of Life with its key trait:

<p>Domain Bacteria = Prokaryotes with diverse metabolic capabilities Domain Archaea = Prokaryotes often found extremophiles Domain Eukarya = Organisms with cells containing membrane organelles Extremophiles = Microorganisms that thrive in physically or geochemically extreme conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scientific term with its definition

<p>Scientific method = A method of procedure that has characterized natural science Hypothesis = A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. Deduction = The inference of particular instances by reference to a general law or principle. Reasoning = The action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Eukaryotic cells

Cells with compartmentalized structures by membranes.

Fluid mosaics

Membranes with embedded proteins for functionality.

Enzymes

Proteins that enhance chemical reactions in cells.

Energy

Capacity to cause change or do work.

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Kinetic energy

Energy of motion in moving objects.

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Potential energy

Stored energy due to location or structure.

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Energy cycle

Conversion between kinetic and potential energy.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.

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Second Law of Thermodynamics

Energy conversions increase disorder, or entropy.

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Entropy

Measure of disorder in energy conversions.

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Chemical energy

Potential energy stored in covalent bonds.

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Energy conversion efficiency

Not all energy changes are 100% efficient.

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Heat energy

Energy lost during energy conversions.

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Energy in food

Energy from food can fuel physical activities.

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Cellular Respiration

Process converting glucose into ATP energy.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, energy currency of cells.

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ADP

Adenosine diphosphate, product of ATP breakdown.

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Exergonic Reaction

Releases energy, e.g., ATP breakdown.

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Endergonic Reaction

Requires energy input, e.g., ATP synthesis.

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Phosphate Transfer

Process of transferring phosphate groups between molecules.

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Motor Protein

Protein that performs mechanical work in cells.

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Transport Protein

Protein that facilitates movement of solutes.

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Chemical Work

Energy used to drive chemical reactions.

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Metabolism

All chemical reactions occurring within an organism.

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Enzymes

Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.

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Energy of Activation (EA)

Minimum energy required to start a reaction.

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Catalyst

Substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed.

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Lock-and-Key Mechanism

Enzyme specificity model for substrate binding.

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Substrate

Reactant molecule that an enzyme acts upon.

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Active Site

Region on an enzyme where substrate binds.

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Competitive Inhibitors

Substances that block substrate from binding to enzyme.

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Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Bind elsewhere on enzyme, altering its shape.

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Negative Feedback

Product inhibits an enzyme to regulate pathway.

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Denaturation

Loss of enzyme structure due to high temperature.

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pH Influence

Changes enzyme shape affecting activity.

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Salt Concentration

Affects enzyme bonding properties and activity.

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Plasma Membrane

Cell boundary controlling material flow.

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Passive Transport

Movement across membranes without energy use.

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Diffusion

Random movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

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Osmosis

Water movement across a selectively permeable membrane.

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Hypotonic Solution

Lower solute concentration outside the cell.

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Hypertonic Solution

Higher solute concentration outside the cell.

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Isotonic Solution

Equal solute concentrations inside and outside the cell.

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Osmoregulation

Control of water balance in organisms.

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Active Transport

Energy-requiring process to move molecules across membranes.

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Exocytosis

Process of moving substances out of the cell.

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Endocytosis

Process of bringing small molecules into the cell.

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Phagocytosis

Cellular eating; engulfing large particles or organisms.

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Pinocytosis

Cellular drinking; ingesting droplets of fluid.

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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Specific active transport via cell surface receptors.

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Study Notes

Eukaryotic Cells

  • Cells possess compartmentalized structures delineated by membranes.

Fluid Mosaics

  • Membranes have embedded proteins for various functionalities.

Enzymes

  • Proteins catalyze and enhance chemical reactions within cells.

Energy

  • The capacity to cause change or perform work.

Kinetic Energy

  • The energy of motion observed in moving objects.

Potential Energy

  • Stored energy resulting from an object's location or structure.

Energy Cycle

  • Involves the conversion between kinetic and potential energy.

First Law of Thermodynamics

  • Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but converted from one form to another.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

  • Energy conversions result in increased disorder, or entropy.

Entropy

  • The measure of increasing disorder during energy conversions.

Chemical Energy

  • Potential energy stored within covalent bonds.

Energy Conversion Efficiency

  • Energy changes are not 100% efficient.

Heat Energy

  • Energy lost during energy conversions.

Energy in Food

  • Energy from food fuels physical activities.

Usain Bolt's Energy Use

  • Over 100 million energy molecules are used per muscle cell.

Car Engine Efficiency

  • 75% of energy is lost as heat in an engine.

Combustion Process

  • Chemical energy converts to kinetic energy.

Waste Products of Combustion

  • Carbon dioxide and water result from energy conversion.

Energy Reactions

  • Drive various cellular processes.

Work Benches in Cells

  • Organized chemical reactions occur on membranes .

Energy-Driven Growth

  • Energy is essential for the growth of organisms .

Cellular Respiration

  • A process converts glucose into ATP energy.

ATP

  • Adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency of cells.

ADP

  • Adenosine diphosphate results from ATP breakdown.

Exergonic Reaction

  • Releases energy; ATP breakdown is an example.

Endergonic Reaction

  • Requires energy input; ATP synthesis is an example.

Phosphate Transfer

  • Transfers phosphate groups between molecules.

Motor Protein

  • Performs mechanical work in cells.

Transport Protein

  • Facilitates movement of solutes.

Chemical Work

  • Energy used to drive chemical reactions.

Metabolism

  • All chemical reactions occurring within an organism.

Enzymes

  • Proteins catalyze biochemical reactions.

Energy of Activation (EA)

  • Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction.

Catalyst

  • Speeds up a reaction without being consumed.

Lock-and-Key Mechanism

  • Describes enzyme specificity for substrate binding.

Substrate

  • Reactant molecule that an enzyme acts upon.

Active Site

  • Region on an enzyme where a substrate binds.

Competitive Inhibitors

  • Block substrates from binding to enzymes.

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

  • Bind elsewhere on an enzyme, altering its shape.

Negative Feedback

  • Products inhibit an enzyme to regulate its pathway.

Denaturation

  • Loss of enzyme structure due to high temperature.

pH Influence

  • pH changes enzyme shapes affecting activity.

Salt Concentration

  • Affects enzyme bonding properties and its activity.

Plasma Membrane

  • The cell boundary controls material flow.

Passive Transport

  • Movement across membranes without energy use.

Diffusion

  • Random movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

Osmosis

  • Water movement across a selectively permeable membrane.

Hypotonic Solution

  • Lower solute concentration outside a cell.

Hypertonic Solution

  • Higher solute concentration outside a cell.

Isotonic Solution

  • Equal solute concentrations exist inside and outside a cell.

Osmoregulation

  • Control of water balance in organisms.

Water Balance

  • Distribution of water in animal and plant cells.

Animal Cell

  • Can undergo lysing or shriveling.

Plant Cell

  • Can be flaccid or turgid.

Active Transport

  • Is an energy-requiring process moving molecules across membranes.

Exocytosis

  • Moves substances out of the cell.

Endocytosis

  • Brings small molecules into the cell.

Phagocytosis

  • Cellular eating; engulfing large particles or organisms.

Pinocytosis

  • Cellular drinking; ingesting droplets of fluid.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

  • Specific active transport via cell surface receptors.

Receptors

  • Bind specific molecules for transport.

Signal Transduction Pathway

  • Molecules relaying signals within a cell.

Epinephrine

  • A hormone that triggers energy release in cells.

Calorie

  • The energy required to raise 1g of water by 1°C.

Kilocalorie (kcal)

  • 1 kcal equals 1000 calories, used in food labeling.

Food Energy

  • Measured in kilocalories on food labels.

Energy Expenditure

  • Calories burned through physical activities.

Hydrolysis of Glycogen

  • Releases glucose for cellular energy.

Cytoplasm

  • The fluid inside the cell where reactions occur.

Plasma Membrane

  • A thin boundary separates the cell from its environment.

Phospholipid Bilayer

  • A double layer of phospholipids forming the membrane.

Hydrophilic Head

  • Water-attracting part of a phospholipid.

Hydrophobic Tail

  • Water-repelling part of a phospholipid.

Fluid Mosaic Model

  • Describes a membrane structure with drifting molecules.

Membrane Proteins

  • Embedded proteins perform various cellular functions.

Selective Permeability

  • A membrane controls substance passage and speed.

Transmembrane Proteins

  • Aid substance transport across membranes.

Nucleus

  • The control center storing genetic information.

Nuclear Envelope

  • A membrane surrounding the nucleus.

Chromosomes

  • Structures storing genetic information in DNA.

Nucleolus

  • Produces ribosomal RNA within the nucleus.

Ribosomes

  • Sites of protein synthesis in cells.

Endomembrane System

  • Internal membranes form organelles within cells.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • A membrane system for protein and lipid production.

Rough ER

  • ER with ribosomes, producing proteins and membranes.

Smooth ER

  • ER without ribosomes, producing lipids and enzymes.

Golgi Apparatus

  • Processes and packages proteins for transport.

Lysosomes

  • Vesicles containing enzymes for digestion.

Vacuoles

  • Membranous sacs for storage and transport.

Chloroplasts

  • Organelles for photosynthesis in plant cells.

Mitochondria

  • Powerhouses of the cell for energy production.

Cilia

  • Short projections aid in cell movement.

Flagella

  • Long projections provide propulsion to cells.

Plasmodesmata

  • Channels for communication between plant cells.

Extracellular Matrix

  • Sticky covering connects animal cells.

Cell Junctions

  • Connections between animal cells facilitate communication.

Cytoskeleton

  • A Network of fibers maintains cell shape.

Cell

  • Small compartments filled with chemicals in organisms.

Microscope

  • An instrument magnifies small specimens for study.

Light Microscope

  • Uses light to magnify images of specimens.

Electron Microscope

  • Uses electrons for higher magnification and detail.

Cell Theory

  • States that all living things are made of cells.

Prokaryotic Cell

  • Is small, has no nucleus, and makes up single-celled organisms.

Eukaryotic Cell

  • Is larger, has a nucleus, and has a complex internal structure.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

  • Examines surface details of small objects.

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

  • Explores internal structures by passing electrons through .

Nucleus

  • A membrane-bound structure containing linear DNA.

Nucleoid Region

  • An area in prokaryotes containing circular DNA.

Organelles

  • Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells.

Unicellular Organisms

  • Single-celled organisms like bacteria and protists.

Multicellular Organisms

  • Organisms made of multiple cells, like plants.

Magnification

  • Enlargement of an image for better visibility.

Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM)

  • Image produced by a scanning electron microscope.

Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM)

  • Image produced by a transmission electron microscope.

Intracellular Structures

  • Components within a cell are visible with electron microscopy.

Viruses

  • Submicroscopic infectious agents are smaller than bacteria.

Cell Size Comparison

  • Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Division of Labor

  • Specialization of organelles in eukaryotic cells.

Light Microscopes

  • Use visible light to magnify specimens.

Electron Microscopes

  • Utilize electrons for high-resolution imaging.

Scanning Electron Microscopes

  • Provide 3D images of surface structures.

Transmission Electron Microscopes

  • Allow visualization of internal cell structures.

Cell Theory

  • States all living things are composed of cells.

Eukaryotic Cells

  • Organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus.

Fluid Mosaic Model

  • Describes cell membrane structure as dynamic and flexible.

Selective Permeability

  • A membrane regulates substance entry.

Chloroplasts

  • Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.

Mitochondria

  • The powerhouse of the cell generates ATP.

Cytoskeleton

  • A network provides structural support to cells.

Cell Junctions in Plants

  • Structures connect plant cells for communication.

Cell Junctions in Animals

  • Connections between animal cells ensure tissue integrity.

Matter

  • Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Physical States of Matter

  • Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states on Earth.

Chemical Elements

  • Building blocks that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

Essential Elements

  • About twenty-five elements are essential to life.

Big Four Elements

  • Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up about 96% of the weight of the human body.

Trace Elements

  • Elements occur in smaller amounts but are essential for life.

Iodine Deficiency

  • Causes a thyroid condition known as goiter.

Periodic Table

  • Lists all elements in order based on their characteristics.

Atom

  • The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

Proton

  • A particle that carries a positive charge and has mass.

Neutron

  • A particle that does not have a charge and has mass.

Electron

  • A particle that carries a negative charge and (almost) no mass.

Nucleus

  • An atom's central core assembles protons and neutrons tightly.

Atomic Number

  • The number of protons in the nucleus determines the element.

Mass Number

  • The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Isotopes

  • Forms of an element with different mass, where the number of proton and electrons remains the same but differing in neutron number.

Electron Shells

  • Circular pathways where electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom.

Chemical Properties

  • Determined by the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell.

Chemical Bonding

  • Atoms change their electron configurations to fill their outer shells.

Compounds

  • Substances including two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

Example of a Compound

  • NaCl (sodium chloride = table salt).

Ionic Bonds

  • Formed when an atom changes its normal number of electrons and takes on an electric charge.

Ions

  • Charged atoms result from ionization.

Ionic Bonds

  • Formed between oppositely charged ions.

Ions

  • Charged atoms are called ions.

Sodium Ion

  • (Na+) is formed from a sodium atom.

Chloride Ion

  • (Cl−) is formed from a chlorine atom.

Sodium Chloride

  • (NaCl) is formed from sodium and chloride ions.

Covalent Bonds

  • Form when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons.

Water and Life

  • Scientific evidence points to water as the place where life on Earth originated.

Water Composition in Cells

  • Cells are composed of 70%-95% water.

Structure of Water

  • A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom joined by single covalent bonds.

Polar Water Molecule

  • The electrons forming the covalent bonds are not shared equally between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Hydrogen Bonds

  • Interactions between polar water molecules.

Water's Life-Supporting Properties

  • Water's polarity and hydrogen bonding explain most of its life-supporting properties.

Cohesion of Water

  • Water molecules are cohesive, meaning they tend to hold together.

Temperature Moderation by Water

  • Water is able to absorb a lot of energy before turning into a gas through hydrogen bonding.

Ice Density

  • Ice is less dense than water due to its crystal structure, which spaces water molecules out more than in liquid form.

Evaporative Cooling

  • Removes heat from the Earth and from organisms.

Surface Tension

  • Hydrogen bonds give water an unusually high surface tension.

Biological Significance of Ice

  • Ice provides a lid for smaller bodies of water during extreme cold.

Heat vs Temperature

  • Heat is energy associated with molecular movement, while temperature measures its intensity.

Aqueous Solution

  • A solution with water as the solvent.

Ice Layer

  • Forms a temperature buffer and prevents ponds, lakes, and oceans from freezing solid.

Acid

  • A chemical compound donates H+ ions to a solution.

pH

  • The unit used to measure the relative amount of H+ ions in a solution.

Base

  • A chemical compound removes H+ ions from a solution.

Neutral pH

  • A pH near 7 is considered neutral.

pH Scale

  • Used to describe the relative amount of H+ or OH- in solutions.

Buffers

  • Stabilize pH by accepting H+ ions when there are too many and donating H+ ions when there are too few.

Cell

  • Considered to be a sophisticated container of mostly water and other molecules.

Cell Membrane

  • The structure around the outside of all cells, also known as the plasma membrane.

Organic Chemistry

  • The scientific study of carbon compounds.

Carbon Versatility

  • Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds to share electrons and complete its outermost electron shell.

Methane

  • The simplest organic compound, represented by the formula CH4.

Hydrocarbons

  • Organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Carbon Skeletons

  • Can be linear, branched, or take on the shape of one or more rings.

Functional Groups

  • Atoms other than hydrogen and carbon attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton give new molecular properties.

Hydroxyl Group

  • Found in alcohols and sugars.

Carbonyl Group

  • Found in sugars.

Amino Group

  • Found in amino acids and urea in urine (from protein breakdown).

Carboxyl Group

  • Found in amino acids, fatty acids, and some vitamins.

Macromolecules

  • Large molecules constructed by grouping together smaller molecules called monomers.

Monomers

  • Smaller molecules can be linked together to form polymers.

Dehydration Synthesis

  • The process by which monomers are linked inside our cells.

Hydrolysis

  • The process by which our cells break bonds to reverse dehydration synthesis.

Types of Macromolecules

  • Four types: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

Carbohydrates

  • Include small sugar molecules as well as large molecules like starch and cellulose.

Monosaccharides

  • Simple sugars, composed only of a sugar monomer.

Isomers

  • Monosaccharides are nearly identical, such as glucose and fructose, which have the same composition but different molecular structures.

Disaccharide

  • A double sugar constructed from two monosaccharides joined by the process of dehydration synthesis.

Sucrose

  • A disaccharide composed of one glucose monomer linked to a fructose monomer, commonly known as table sugar.

Polysaccharides

  • Carbohydrates are made up of long chains of sugar monomers that can be several thousand units long and may be straight or branched.

Starch

  • A polysaccharide is used in plant cells for energy storage, consisting of a very long glucose chain.

Glycogen

  • A polysaccharide that animals use to store excess sugar, differing from starch by having branches.

Cellulose

  • A structural polysaccharide in plants, the most abundant organic compound on Earth, forming fibers make up the hardened structural layers of plants.

Dietary Fiber

  • Commonly known as cellulose serves as roughage in most animals to ensure proper digestive activity.

Amino Acids

  • The 20 different monomers make up proteins.

Proteins

  • Polymers constructed from amino acids are responsible for conducting the body's metabolic activities.

Peptide Bond

  • The bond between the carbon atom and the nitrogen atom of two amino acids is formed via dehydration synthesis.

Protein Structure

  • The arrangement and folding of proteins into complex three-dimensional structures, sensitive to environmental conditions.

Denaturation

  • The process by which a protein unravels and loses its shape due to unfavorable temperature and pH changes.

R Group

  • The variable group in amino acids differs among the 20 amino acids.

Dehydration Synthesis

  • The process by which cells link amino acids to form proteins.

Carboxyl Group

  • A functional group is present in amino acids consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group.

Amino Group

  • A functional group is present in amino acids containing one nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

Hydrophobic

  • Refers to R groups interact unfavorably with water, such as leucine.

Hydrophilic

  • Refers to R groups that interact favorably with water, such as serine.

Complex Reactions

  • Proteins can act as chaperones.

30,000 Different Proteins

  • The approximate number of distinct proteins produced by the human body.

Primary Structure

  • The amino acid sequence in a protein.

Secondary Structure

  • Formed by hydrogen bonds.

Tertiary Structure

  • Formed by interactions between R groups.

Quaternary Structure

  • A complete protein with multiple polypeptide subunits (ex. Collagen).

Structural Proteins

  • Proteins provide support and shape to cells and organisms.

Storage Proteins

  • Proteins store amino acids and other nutrients.

Contractile Proteins

  • Proteins involved in muscle contraction.

Transport Proteins

  • Proteins carry substances throughout the body.

Defensive Proteins

  • Proteins protect against disease.

Signal Proteins

  • Proteins transmit signals to coordinate biological processes .

Receptor Proteins

  • Proteins receive and respond to chemical signals.

Enzymes

  • Proteins catalyze biochemical reactions.

Nucleic Acids

  • Molecules store the information used to make proteins.

ATP

  • Adenosine triphosphate; a type of nucleic acid.

Nucleotide

  • The monomer of nucleic acids.

Double Helix

  • Two strands of DNA join together to form this structure.

Lipids

  • Molecules are not true polymers and do not mix with water.

Triglycerides

  • A combination of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Fatty Acids

  • Building blocks of fats, which can be saturated or unsaturated.

Phospholipids

  • Structurally similar to fats but contain only two fatty acids.

Steroids

  • Molecules with a carbon skeleton are bent to form four fused rings.

Cholesterol

  • The base steroid from which your body produces other steroids.

RNA

  • Ribonucleic acid, is single-stranded a type of nucleic acid.

RNA Nitrogenous Bases

  • Four types Nitrogenous Bases n RNA: A,C,U,G adenine, cytosine, uracil, guanine.

Adenine

  • A purine base pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA, playing a crucial role in the storage and transfer of genetic information.

Cytosine

  • A pyrimidine base pairs with guanine in both DNA and RNA, essential for structure of nucleic acids.

Guanine

  • A purine base pairs with cytosine in DNA and RNA, important for the coding of genetic information.

Ribose

  • Sugar in RNA, has one extra oxygen atom.

Phosphate Group

  • Part of RNA structure, connects sugar and bases.

DNA

  • Deoxyribonucleic acid, a type of nucleic acid.

DNA as Nitrogenous Bases

  • DNA only has T, A, G, C Thymine,Adenine,Guanine,Cytosine

Thymine

  • A nitrogenous base pairs with adenine DNA plays a crucial role in the structure of the DNA double helix.

Adenine

  • A nitrogenous base pairs with thymine in DNA and is involved in energy transfer and signaling within cells.

Guanine

  • A nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine in DNA, contributing to the genetic code and the stability of the DNA structure.

Cytosine

  • A nitrogenous base pairs with guanine DNA, essential for encoding genetic information.

Thymine

  • A pyrimidine base is found only in DNA pairs with adenine, contributing to the stability of the DNA structure.

Uracil

  • A pyrimidine base is found only in RNA pairs with adenine, replacing thymine in the RNA structure.

Deoxyribose

  • Sugar in DNA, missing oxygen at C2 position.

Double Helix

  • Two intertwined DNA strands form a spiral structure.

Energy Storage

  • Fats store molecules for long-term energy use.

Cushioning

  • Fat pads protect pressure-sensitive body areas.

Insulation

  • Fat layers prevent heat loss around core.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

  • Fats in at least one double bond in carbon chain.

Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acids

  • Have one double bond in the hydrocarbon chain.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

  • Contain multiple double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.

Saturated Fatty Acids

  • No double bonds between carbon atoms are present.

Hydrogenated Fats

  • Saturated fats created by adding hydrogen atoms.

Biology

  • The Scientific study of life and living organisms.

Hierarchy of Life

  • Levels of biological organization from molecules to biosphere.

Cell

  • Lowest level of biological organization is considered alive.

Prokaryotic Cells

  • Simple cells lack a true nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells

  • Complex cells are with organelles and a nucleus.

Domains of Life

  • Three categories: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

Domain Bacteria

  • Prokaryotic organisms, single-celled, diverse environments.

Domain Archaea

  • Prokaryotic organisms, often extremophiles.

Domain Eukarya

  • Includes organisms with eukaryotic cells.

Kingdom Plantae

  • Eukaryotic organisms that perform photosynthesis..

Kindgom Fungi

  • Eukaryotic organisms that decompose organic material.

Kingdom Animalia

  • Eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and hetertrophic.

Ecology

  • The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

Nutrient Cycling

  • Movement of nutrients is through ecosystem.

Energy flow

  • How energy is transfered through living systems

Evolution

  • Genetic changes in populations over generations.

DNA

  • Chemical material of genes carries hereditary information.

Genes

  • Units of inheritance transmit traits from parents.

Mutation

  • Change in a DNA sequence lead to genetic variations.

Natural Selection

  • The mechanism driving evolution through survival of the fittest.

Scientific Method

  • Systematic process for invesigating phenomena and testing hypotheses.

Deductive Reasoning

  • Logical process of deriving specific predictions from general principles.

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Explore cell energy, thermodynamics, and associated concepts. Topics include kinetic and potential energy, entropy, and energy conversion efficiency within cellular processes. Understand the importance of enzymes, energy cycles, and the laws governing thermodynamics to maintain organization.

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