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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of ribosomes in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
How does the function of the Golgi body differ from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
How does the function of the Golgi body differ from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
The Golgi body processes and secretes proteins, while the rough endoplasmic reticulum primarily produces proteins for the cell.
Explain the role of chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.
Explain the role of chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.
Chloroplasts produce energy through photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells, specifically in plant cells.
Describe the purpose of the capsule and cell wall in prokaryotic cells.
Describe the purpose of the capsule and cell wall in prokaryotic cells.
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What is the function of vacuoles in eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of vacuoles in eukaryotic cells?
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What are the two new cells produced by cell division called?
What are the two new cells produced by cell division called?
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During which phase of mitosis do chromatids separate?
During which phase of mitosis do chromatids separate?
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What role do spindle fibers play in mitosis?
What role do spindle fibers play in mitosis?
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What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
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What happens to chromosomes during prophase?
What happens to chromosomes during prophase?
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How does cytokinesis differ from mitosis?
How does cytokinesis differ from mitosis?
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What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
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What is the role of telomeres in chromosomes?
What is the role of telomeres in chromosomes?
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Study Notes
Cell Division (Mitosis)
- Cell division is the process where a cell creates two new cells, called daughter cells, from a single parent cell.
- Before mitosis, the cell replicates its DNA.
Parts of a Chromosome
- Chromatid: A single strand of a chromosome.
- Sister Chromatids: Two identical strands of a chromosome joined at the centromere.
- P arm: The short arm of a chromosome.
- Q arm: The long arm of a chromosome.
- Telomere: The protective end of a chromatid.
- Centromere: A specialized region where spindle fibers attach.
- Kinetochore: A part of the centromere where the spindle fiber attaches during cell division.
Major Phases of Mitotic Cell Division
Interphase (Non-Dividing State)
- The cell grows in size.
- DNA replication occurs.
- Protein synthesis takes place.
- Chromosomes are not condensed.
Mitosis (PMAT)
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Prophase:
- Chromosomes condense.
- Spindle fibers form.
- Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
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Metaphase:
- Chromosomes align along the cell's equator.
- One chromatid of each chromosome faces opposite poles.
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Anaphase:
- Sister chromatids separate.
- Spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.
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Telophase:
- Spindle fibers disappear.
- Nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes.
- Chromosomes decondense (return to their original less-condensed state).
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Cytokinesis
- Each daughter cell becomes enclosed with a nucleus
Body Hormones
- Testosterone: Male hormone; responsible for male characteristics.
- Estrogen: Female hormone; responsible for female characteristics.
- Progesterone: Supports the uterine lining for pregnancy.
- Oxytocin: "Love hormone"; involved in sexual arousal and bonding.
- Dopamine: Provides feelings of satisfaction and motivation.
- Adrenaline: "Fight-or-flight" response to stressful situations.
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Insulin: Converts sugar into energy.
- Diabetes mellitus: Inability of the body to produce insulin.
- Hyperinsulinemia: Higher-than-normal levels of insulin in the blood.
Types of Cells
- Eukaryotic cells: Cells with a defined nucleus and organelles (e.g., animals, plants).
- Prokaryotic cells: Cells without a defined nucleus or most organelles (e.g., bacteria.
Cell Organelles and Functions
Eukaryotic Cells
- Nucleus: Control center, holds DNA.
- Nucleolus: Produces ribosomes.
- Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.
- Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance holding organelles.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Produces proteins.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Produces some hormones.
- Golgi Body: Processes proteins for secretion.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell.
- Centrioles: Produces spindle fibers for cell division.
- Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
- Vacuole: Storage structure within a cell.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Nucleoid: Control center.
- Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.
- Cytoplasm: Holds cell organelles.
- Plasmid: Additional DNA.
- Capsule: Outer protective layer.
- Cell Wall: Maintains cell shape.
- Plasma Membrane: Controls what enters and exits the cell.
- Flagellum: Whip-like structure for movement.
- Pili: Hair-like structures for movement and attachment.
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Description
Explore the fascinating process of cell division through mitosis, where a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells. Learn about the structure of chromosomes, including chromatids and centromeres, and the major phases of mitotic division. This quiz covers essential concepts for understanding cellular reproduction.
