Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

** Mitosis **:
- Process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent cell
- Consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
- Occurs in somatic cells (non-reproductive cells)
** Meiosis **:
- Process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell
- Consists of two successive cell divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II)
- Occurs in reproductive cells (gametes)

** Characteristics **:
- Lack true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Typically single-celled and small in size
- Have a single circular chromosome
- Examples: bacteria, archaea
** Cell Structure **:
- Cell wall provides support and maintains cell shape
- Cytoplasm contains ribosomes, genetic material, and various enzymes
- No membrane-bound organelles

** Characteristics **:
- Have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Typically single-celled, but can be multicellular
- Examples: protists, fungi, algae
** Cell Structure **:
- True nucleus contains genetic material
- Membrane-bound organelles (e.g. mitochondria, chloroplasts) perform specific functions
- Cytoskeleton provides support and shape

** Cellular Respiration **:
- Process of generating energy (ATP) from glucose
- Occurs in mitochondria
- Involves three stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
** Fermentation **:
- Process of generating energy (ATP) from glucose in absence of oxygen
- Occurs in cytoplasm
- Results in lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide as byproducts

** Overall Equation **: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
** Light-Dependent Reactions **:
- Occur in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
- Light energy excites electrons, which generate ATP and NADPH
** Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) **:
- Occur in stroma of chloroplasts
- ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions are used to fix CO2 into glucose

** Aerobic Respiration **:
- Process of generating energy (ATP) from glucose in presence of oxygen
- Occurs in mitochondria
- Involves three stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
** Electron Transport Chain **:
- Series of protein complexes that generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
- Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through the transport chain, generating a proton gradient
- ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to produce ATP

Mitosis:
- Results in two daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent cell
- Four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
- Occurs in somatic cells (non-reproductive cells)
Meiosis:
- Results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell
- Two successive cell divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II
- Occurs in reproductive cells (gametes)

Characteristics:
- Lack true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Typically single-celled and small in size
- Have a single circular chromosome
- Examples: bacteria, archaea
Cell Structure:
- Cell wall provides support and maintains cell shape
- Cytoplasm contains ribosomes, genetic material, and various enzymes
- No membrane-bound organelles

Characteristics:
- Have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Typically single-celled, but can be multicellular
- Examples: protists, fungi, algae
Cell Structure:
- True nucleus contains genetic material
- Membrane-bound organelles (e.g.mitochondria, chloroplasts) perform specific functions
- Cytoskeleton provides support and shape

Cellular Respiration:
- Generates energy (ATP) from glucose
- Occurs in mitochondria
- Involves three stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
Fermentation:
- Generates energy (ATP) from glucose in absence of oxygen
- Occurs in cytoplasm
- Results in lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide as byproducts

Overall Equation:
- 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
Light-Dependent Reactions:
- Occur in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
- Light energy excites electrons, which generate ATP and NADPH
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
- Occur in stroma of chloroplasts
- ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions are used to fix CO2 into glucose

Aerobic Respiration:
- Generates energy (ATP) from glucose in presence of oxygen
- Occurs in mitochondria
- Involves three stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
Electron Transport Chain:
- Series of protein complexes that generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
- Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through the transport chain, generating a proton gradient
- ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to produce ATP