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Questions and Answers
During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?
Which type of cell division results in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell?
What is the primary function of light absorption in photosynthesis?
During which stage of photosynthesis is CO2 fixed into a 3-carbon molecule?
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What is the name of the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells?
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During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down and spindle fibers form?
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What is the primary product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
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What is the term for the process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy?
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During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up at the center of the cell?
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What is the term for the process of generating ATP from ADP and Pi?
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Study Notes
Cell Division
Overview
Cell division is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells. It is essential for growth, development, and reproduction.
Types of Cell Division
- Mitosis: occurs in somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) and results in two identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis: occurs in reproductive cells (gametes) and results in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Phases of Mitosis
- Interphase: cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division.
- Prophase: chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil.
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into two daughter cells.
Photosynthesis
Overview
Photosynthesis is the process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy.
Light-Dependent Reactions
- Light absorption: light is absorbed by pigments such as chlorophyll.
- Electron transport: light energy is used to generate ATP and NADPH.
- ** ATP synthesis**: ATP is generated from ADP and Pi.
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
- Carbon fixation: CO2 is fixed into a 3-carbon molecule.
- Reduction reactions: 3-carbon molecules are reduced to form glucose.
- Regeneration: RuBP is regenerated to start the cycle again.
Importance of Photosynthesis
- Produces oxygen as a byproduct.
- Provides energy and organic compounds for cellular processes.
- Supports life on Earth.
Cell Division
- Cell division is essential for growth, development, and reproduction.
- There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis
- Occurs in somatic cells (non-reproductive cells).
- Results in two identical daughter cells.
- Consists of six phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
Phases of Mitosis
- Interphase: cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division.
- Prophase: chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil.
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into two daughter cells.
Meiosis
- Occurs in reproductive cells (gametes).
- Results in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy.
Light-Dependent Reactions
- Light absorption: light is absorbed by pigments such as chlorophyll.
- Electron transport: light energy is used to generate ATP and NADPH.
- ATP synthesis: ATP is generated from ADP and Pi.
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
- Carbon fixation: CO2 is fixed into a 3-carbon molecule.
- Reduction reactions: 3-carbon molecules are reduced to form glucose.
- Regeneration: RuBP is regenerated to start the cycle again.
Importance of Photosynthesis
- Produces oxygen as a byproduct.
- Provides energy and organic compounds for cellular processes.
- Supports life on Earth.
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Description
Cell division is a crucial process for growth, development, and reproduction, involving two types: mitosis and meiosis. Learn about the phases and differences between these two processes.
