Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms?

  • To produce sex cells with unique genetic information (correct)
  • To double the number of chromosomes in a cell
  • To create identical cells for growth and repair
  • To separate sister chromatids during cell division

    • What process during meiosis is responsible for genetic diversity?

  • Cytokinesis
  • Mitosis
  • Interphase
  • Crossing over (correct)

    • How many total daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

  • Eight diploid cells
  • Four haploid cells (correct)
  • Two diploid cells
  • Two haploid cells

    • Which phase of meiosis is characterized by the halving of chromosome number?

    <p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during interphase before meiosis I begins?

    <p>DNA replication and preparation for division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes haploid cells from diploid cells?

    <p>Haploid cells only have one set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of meiosis in terms of genetic composition of daughter cells?

    <p>Daughter cells contain unique sets of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>Move sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions inside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What energy molecule is converted during active transport by the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport process involves moving solutes through transport proteins without energy input?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of facilitated diffusion?

    <p>It allows molecules to move down their concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein can act as a uniporter in facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Channel protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carrier proteins in the membrane?

    <p>To carry molecules across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?

    <p>It always involves the movement from high to low concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins are specifically involved in the process of facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Transport proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary outcome of mitosis in terms of cell replication?

    <p>Two cells are produced with the same number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does a cell spend the majority of its time before dividing?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells undergo mitosis?

    <p>Somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During mitosis, what is the primary characteristic of the daughter cells?

    <p>They are genetically identical to the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis?

    <p>It breaks down before mitosis and reassembles in daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase directly follows metaphase in the mitosis cycle?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of meiosis in organisms?

    <p>Genetic diversity and sexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind the process of diffusion?

    <p>Movement of molecules from high to low concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do concentration gradients play in cellular processes?

    <p>They help drive the movement of substances across membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes involves molecules moving against a concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What explanation can be given for why the sugar in a melted popsicle mixes with water?

    <p>Molecules move from high to low concentration areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'selective permeability' in the context of cell membranes?

    <p>The ability to only let certain molecules through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes endocytosis?

    <p>It involves the intake of materials by the cell membrane engulfing them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a cell's environment has a higher concentration of water outside than inside, what will likely occur?

    <p>Water will move into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the essential processes for cell function mentioned?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to animal cells in a hypertonic environment without osmotic adaptations?

    <p>They shrivel due to water loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does osmotic pressure help plant cells?

    <p>It helps maintain their shape and support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the central vacuole in plant cells?

    <p>To store and regulate water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does placing a potato slice in a hypertonic salt solution have?

    <p>It loses turgor pressure and shrinks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do freshwater organisms manage excess water intake?

    <p>By using contractile vacuoles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence for saltwater fish placed in freshwater?

    <p>Their cells may lyse due to excessive water intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is plasmolysis in plant cells?

    <p>The plasma membrane pulling away from the cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical environment in which plant cells thrive?

    <p>Hypotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Division

    • Cell division is crucial for replacing skin cells, which undergo significant turnover. Nerve and brain cells divide less frequently.
    • Two primary types of cell division: mitosis (for somatic cells) and meiosis (for gametes).

    Mitosis

    • Mitosis involves a single cell dividing into two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes (diploid).
    • Key for growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues (skin, muscles, lungs, etc.).
    • Daughter cells are exact replicas of the parent, creating no genetic diversity.
    • The process consists of several phases: interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
    • Cells spend most of their life in interphase, preparing for division and duplicating DNA.
    • Organelles like mitochondria are shared between daughter cells, while the Golgi apparatus disassembles and then reassembles.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) through two rounds of division: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
    • Each resulting cell contains half the number of chromosomes (haploid) and unique genetic material.
    • Crossing over occurs during Meiosis I, allowing genetic recombination, contributing to genetic diversity among siblings.
    • The final result of meiosis is four haploid daughter cells, crucial for sexual reproduction.

    Other Cellular Processes

    • Besides mitosis and meiosis, other processes like diffusion, active transport, and osmosis are essential for cell function.

    Diffusion

    • Molecules move from areas of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached, known as diffusion.
    • This process occurs across cell membranes, facilitated by protein transport channels, ensuring selective permeability.

    Active Transport

    • Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
    • The sodium-potassium pump plays a key role, moving sodium out and potassium into cells against their concentration gradients.

    Facilitated Diffusion

    • This passive process uses specific membrane proteins (uniporters) to help larger or polar molecules cross the membrane without energy input.
    • Includes channel proteins (allowing quick passage of ions) and carrier proteins, enabling selective transport across membranes.

    Osmosis

    • Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane, influenced by osmotic pressure.
    • In plant cells, osmotic pressure contributes to turgor, providing structure and support when in a hypotonic environment.
    • In hypertonic solutions, water leaves the cell, causing plasmolysis, while freshwater organisms employ contractile vacuoles to expel excess water.

    Impact of Osmosis

    • Lack of structural support in cells without walls can lead to adverse effects; for instance, freshwater fish placed in saltwater risk cell lysis due to osmotic imbalance.

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    Cellular Processes PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating process of cell division, focusing on mitosis and meiosis. Learn how different types of cells divide and the significance of these processes in human biology. Discover how skin cells rapidly replace themselves compared to nerve and brain cells.

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