Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

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Questions and Answers

What key process distinguishes prophase I of meiosis from prophase of mitosis?

Chromatid separation

Random assortment of chromosomes

Reformation of the nuclear envelope

Formation of bivalents (correct)

Which stage of meiosis I involves the alignment of bivalents at the equator?

Metaphase I (correct)

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Prophase I

In which stage of meiosis II do the centromeres split and chromatids separate?

Anaphase II (correct)

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Telophase II

What is the primary function of xylem tissue in plants?

Transport water and minerals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes companion cells in phloem tissue?

They aid in the movement of nutrients and photosynthesis products. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the relationship between organs and organ systems in organisms?

Organ systems consist of multiple organs working together. Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature is characteristic of xylem vessels?

Open-ended, dead cells with lignin thickening Signup and view all the answers

Which function is primarily associated with epithelial tissue?

Lining and covering surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mitosis?

To produce identical daughter cells Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform?

Telophase Signup and view all the answers

What process provides genetic variation in meiosis?

Crossing over of chromatids Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

Haploid gametes Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is characterized by column shaped cells with cilia?

Ciliated epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes anaphase?

Sister chromatids are separated Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in transporting oxygen in the blood?

Erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?

To separate chromatids and chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the body?

Attacking foreign microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of meiosis does independent assortment occur?

Meiosis I Signup and view all the answers

Where can you primarily find stem cells in the human body?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

Four haploid cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a particular type of cell specializes for a specific function?

Differentiation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant cells are specialized for photosynthesis?

Palisade cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about stem cells?

They are genetically identical and undifferentiated. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are found in close proximity to root tips and absorb water and nutrients?

Root hair cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Division

Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells, used for growth and asexual reproduction.
Stages of Mitosis:
- Prophase: The nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes condense, and centrioles move to opposite poles.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell, attached to spindle fibers via centromeres.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: The nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil, and the spindle fibers disappear.
Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm after mitosis, resulting in two daughter cells.
Interphase is the period between cell divisions, where growth and preparation for division occur.
- Chromosomes and organelles replicate.
- Chromosomes condense.

Meiosis

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four genetically different haploid gametes.
Genetic Variation in Meiosis:
- Crossing Over: Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during prophase I.
- Independent Assortment: Random arrangement of chromosomes at the equator during metaphase I.
Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate, resulting in two haploid cells.
Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid gametes.

Cellular Organisation

Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
Organs are composed of different tissues working together to perform a larger function.
Organ Systems are groups of organs that work together to carry out essential life functions.
Tissue Types and Functions:
- Xylem: Transports water and minerals; provides structural support.
- Phloem: Transports food substances and nutrients.
- Epithelial: Covers surfaces and lines cavities.
  - Squamous: Smooth, flat cells for lining blood vessels and cheeks.
  - Ciliated: Column-shaped cells with cilia for moving mucus in trachea and bronchi.
- Connective: Provides support and connects structures.
- Muscle: Specialized for movement through contraction.
- Nervous: Specialized for impulse conduction.

Stem Cells

Stem Cells are undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into any cell type.
Uses of Stem Cells:
- Repairing damaged tissues.
- Treating neurological disorders.
- Studying development.
Differentiation is the process by which a cell specializes to carry out a specific function.
Plant Stem Cells: Plant cells maintain the ability to differentiate throughout their lives.
- Cambium: Dividing meristem cells that give rise to xylem and phloem.

Specialized Cells

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Transport oxygen in the blood.
White Blood Cells (Neutrophils): Attack and destroy foreign microorganisms.
Sperm Cells: Male gametes, adapted for fertilization.
Palisade Cells: Specialized for photosynthesis.
Root Hair Cells: Specialized epidermal cells for absorption of water and nutrients.

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Description

Explore the fascinating processes of mitosis and meiosis, crucial forms of cell division in biology. Learn about the stages of mitosis, such as prophase and metaphase, and discover how meiosis contributes to genetic variation. This quiz will enhance your understanding of cellular reproduction and its importance in growth and reproduction.