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Questions and Answers
What key process distinguishes prophase I of meiosis from prophase of mitosis?
What key process distinguishes prophase I of meiosis from prophase of mitosis?
- Chromatid separation
- Random assortment of chromosomes
- Reformation of the nuclear envelope
- Formation of bivalents (correct)
Which stage of meiosis I involves the alignment of bivalents at the equator?
Which stage of meiosis I involves the alignment of bivalents at the equator?
- Metaphase I (correct)
- Anaphase I
- Telophase I
- Prophase I
In which stage of meiosis II do the centromeres split and chromatids separate?
In which stage of meiosis II do the centromeres split and chromatids separate?
- Anaphase II (correct)
- Prophase II
- Metaphase II
- Telophase II
What is the primary function of xylem tissue in plants?
What is the primary function of xylem tissue in plants?
Which of the following correctly describes companion cells in phloem tissue?
Which of the following correctly describes companion cells in phloem tissue?
What defines the relationship between organs and organ systems in organisms?
What defines the relationship between organs and organ systems in organisms?
What structural feature is characteristic of xylem vessels?
What structural feature is characteristic of xylem vessels?
Which function is primarily associated with epithelial tissue?
Which function is primarily associated with epithelial tissue?
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
During which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform?
During which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform?
What process provides genetic variation in meiosis?
What process provides genetic variation in meiosis?
What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?
What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?
What type of epithelium is characterized by column shaped cells with cilia?
What type of epithelium is characterized by column shaped cells with cilia?
Which of the following correctly describes anaphase?
Which of the following correctly describes anaphase?
Which cells are involved in transporting oxygen in the blood?
Which cells are involved in transporting oxygen in the blood?
What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the body?
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the body?
In which phase of meiosis does independent assortment occur?
In which phase of meiosis does independent assortment occur?
Where can you primarily find stem cells in the human body?
Where can you primarily find stem cells in the human body?
How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
What is the process by which a particular type of cell specializes for a specific function?
What is the process by which a particular type of cell specializes for a specific function?
Which type of plant cells are specialized for photosynthesis?
Which type of plant cells are specialized for photosynthesis?
Which of the following statements is true about stem cells?
Which of the following statements is true about stem cells?
What type of cells are found in close proximity to root tips and absorb water and nutrients?
What type of cells are found in close proximity to root tips and absorb water and nutrients?
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Study Notes
Cell Division
- Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells, used for growth and asexual reproduction.
- Stages of Mitosis:
- Prophase: The nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes condense, and centrioles move to opposite poles.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell, attached to spindle fibers via centromeres.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: The nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil, and the spindle fibers disappear.
- Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm after mitosis, resulting in two daughter cells.
- Interphase is the period between cell divisions, where growth and preparation for division occur.
- Chromosomes and organelles replicate.
- Chromosomes condense.
Meiosis
- Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four genetically different haploid gametes.
- Genetic Variation in Meiosis:
- Crossing Over: Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during prophase I.
- Independent Assortment: Random arrangement of chromosomes at the equator during metaphase I.
- Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate, resulting in two haploid cells.
- Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid gametes.
Cellular Organisation
- Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
- Organs are composed of different tissues working together to perform a larger function.
- Organ Systems are groups of organs that work together to carry out essential life functions.
- Tissue Types and Functions:
- Xylem: Transports water and minerals; provides structural support.
- Phloem: Transports food substances and nutrients.
- Epithelial: Covers surfaces and lines cavities.
- Squamous: Smooth, flat cells for lining blood vessels and cheeks.
- Ciliated: Column-shaped cells with cilia for moving mucus in trachea and bronchi.
- Connective: Provides support and connects structures.
- Muscle: Specialized for movement through contraction.
- Nervous: Specialized for impulse conduction.
Stem Cells
- Stem Cells are undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into any cell type.
- Uses of Stem Cells:
- Repairing damaged tissues.
- Treating neurological disorders.
- Studying development.
- Differentiation is the process by which a cell specializes to carry out a specific function.
- Plant Stem Cells: Plant cells maintain the ability to differentiate throughout their lives.
- Cambium: Dividing meristem cells that give rise to xylem and phloem.
Specialized Cells
- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Transport oxygen in the blood.
- White Blood Cells (Neutrophils): Attack and destroy foreign microorganisms.
- Sperm Cells: Male gametes, adapted for fertilization.
- Palisade Cells: Specialized for photosynthesis.
- Root Hair Cells: Specialized epidermal cells for absorption of water and nutrients.
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