Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Hollow protein fibers called microtubules are rearranged during G2 in preparation for ______

The process during cell division in which the nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei is called ______

The process during cell division in which the cytoplasm divides is called ______

The cell cycle consists of phases of growth, DNA replication, preparation for cell division, and division of the nucleus and ______

Cell growth (G1) checkpoint makes the decision of whether the cell will ______

DNA synthesis (G2) checkpoint checks DNA replication and helps to trigger ______

Chains of amino acids, folded into specific shapes. Enzymes, structural proteins (e.g., collagen), antibodies, and muscle proteins are examples. Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides, with a sugar, base, and phosphate group, form the structure of nucleic acids. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acids. DNA consists of two strands forming a double helix and stores hereditary information. RNA is involved in protein synthesis and can act as an enzyme. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): Important for energy transfer within cells. Composed of a single nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups. The observations of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow form the ______ theory, which has three parts: 1.All living things are made of one or more cells. 2.Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. 3.All cells arise from existing cells.

The German botanist Mattias Schleiden concluded that cells make up not only the stems and roots but every part of a ______.

The German zoologist Theodor Schwann claimed that animals are also made of ______.

Rudolph Virchow determined that cells come only from other ______.

The diversity in cell shapes reflects the different functions of ______.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): Important for energy transfer within cells. Composed of a single nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups. DNA consists of two strands forming a double helix and stores hereditary information. RNA is involved in protein synthesis and can act as an enzyme. The observations of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow form the cell theory, which has three parts: 1.All living things are made of one or more ______. 2.Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. 3.All cells arise from existing cells.

Gastrulation: Cells within the blastula undergo ______, a process where the three primary germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—are established.

These layers give rise to different tissues and organs in the developing ______.

Organogenesis: This stage involves the development of specific organs and structures from the ______ layers.

Differentiation and migration of cells occur, leading to the formation of tissues and ______.

Tissue is a group of similar cells specialized for performance of a common ______.

The study of tissue is called ______.

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the respiratory tract moves mucus and trapped particles upward, assisting in the removal of debris from the ______

Certain epithelial cells in the kidney tubules are involved in the excretion of waste products and the regulation of water and electrolyte ______

Some types of epithelial tissue contain specialized cells that are sensitive to stimuli, such as touch, pressure, temperature, and chemical ______

Connective tissue is mainly made up of cellular part includes different type of cells, like fibroblast, adipocyte, macrophage, mast cell, Plasma cell, and ______ cells

The ground substance is clear amorphous, semisolid or jelly like ______

Tendons bind muscles to bones, providing essential support during ______

Cytoskeleton: Microscopic fibers in the cytoplasm provide structural support to various cell structures. 3.Information center: All cells possess DNA, offering instructions for protein synthesis, regulation of cellular activities, and enabling the reproduction of cells. 4. Ribosomes: Most cells contain ribosomes, essential structures where proteins are synthesized, contributing to various cellular functions. 7 Lecture 5 General Biology There are two basic types of cells: Prokaryotes: meaning literally “before the nucleus.” They contain a single, large molecule of DNA not located in a membrane-bound nucleus, but found in a nuclear region, or ______

Eukaryotic: cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. All eukaryotes (“true nucleus”) have cells with a membrane-bound nucleus containing ______.In addition, eukaryotic cells contain many other structures called organelles (“little organs”) that perform specific functions 8 Lecture 5 General Biology Cells membrane: The fluid-mosaic model, developed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972, describes the cell membrane as a dynamic double layer of proteins and phospholipids, exhibiting fluidity rather than solidity.This phospholipid bilayer forms a fluid sea were various proteins act like icebergs.The term mosaic reflects the diversity of proteins dispersed in the bilayer, constituting the outer boundary of the cell.

Cytoskeleton: Microscopic fibers in the cytoplasm provide structural support to various cell structures. 3.Information center: All cells possess DNA, offering instructions for protein synthesis, regulation of cellular activities, and enabling the reproduction of cells. 4. Ribosomes: Most cells contain ribosomes, essential structures where proteins are synthesized, contributing to various cellular functions. 7 Lecture 5 General Biology There are two basic types of cells: ______: meaning literally “before the nucleus.” They contain a single, large molecule of DNA not located in a membrane-bound nucleus, but found in a nuclear region, or nucleoid.Eukaryotic: cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.All eukaryotes (“true nucleus”) have cells with a membrane-bound nucleus containing DNA.In addition, eukaryotic cells contain many other structures called organelles (“little organs”) that perform specific functions 8 Lecture 5 General Biology Cells membrane: The fluid-mosaic model, developed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972, describes the cell membrane as a dynamic double layer of proteins and phospholipids, exhibiting fluidity rather than solidity.This phospholipid bilayer forms a fluid sea were various proteins act like icebergs.The term mosaic reflects the diversity of proteins dispersed in the bilayer, constituting the outer boundary of the cell.

Eukaryotic: cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. All eukaryotes (“true nucleus”) have cells with a membrane-bound nucleus containing DNA.In addition, eukaryotic cells contain many other structures called ______ that perform specific functions 8 Lecture 5 General Biology Cells membrane: The fluid-mosaic model, developed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972, describes the cell membrane as a dynamic double layer of proteins and phospholipids, exhibiting fluidity rather than solidity.This phospholipid bilayer forms a fluid sea were various proteins act like icebergs.The term mosaic reflects the diversity of proteins dispersed in the bilayer, constituting the outer boundary of the cell.

Cytoskeleton: Microscopic fibers in the cytoplasm provide structural support to various cell structures. 3.Information center: All cells possess DNA, offering instructions for protein synthesis, regulation of cellular activities, and enabling the reproduction of cells. 4. Ribosomes: Most cells contain ribosomes, essential structures where proteins are synthesized, contributing to various cellular functions. 7 Lecture 5 General Biology There are two basic types of cells: Prokaryotes: meaning literally “before the nucleus.” They contain a single, large molecule of DNA not located in a membrane-bound nucleus, but found in a nuclear region, or nucleoid.Eukaryotic: cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.All eukaryotes (“true nucleus”) have cells with a ______ containing DNA.In addition, eukaryotic cells contain many other structures called organelles (“little organs”) that perform specific functions 8 Lecture 5 General Biology Cells membrane: The fluid-mosaic model, developed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972, describes the cell membrane as a dynamic double layer of proteins and phospholipids, exhibiting fluidity rather than solidity.This phospholipid bilayer forms a fluid sea were various proteins act like icebergs.The term mosaic reflects the diversity of proteins dispersed in the bilayer, constituting the outer boundary of the cell.

Eukaryotic: cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. All eukaryotes (“true nucleus”) have cells with a ______ containing DNA.In addition, eukaryotic cells contain many other structures called organelles (“little organs”) that perform specific functions 8 Lecture 5 General Biology Cells membrane: The fluid-mosaic model, developed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972, describes the cell membrane as a dynamic double layer of proteins and phospholipids, exhibiting fluidity rather than solidity.This phospholipid bilayer forms a fluid sea were various proteins act like icebergs.The term mosaic reflects the diversity of proteins dispersed in the bilayer, constituting the outer boundary of the cell.