Cell Division and Protein Synthesis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of cells undergo meiosis?

  • Diploid cells
  • Sex cells (correct)
  • All types of cells
  • Somatic cells

What is the primary purpose of mitosis?

  • Production of gametes
  • Reduction of chromosome number
  • Cell growth and repair (correct)
  • Genetic variation

Which process results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell?

  • Mitosis (correct)
  • Nondisjunction
  • Crossing over
  • Meiosis

During which stage of mitosis do chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane?

<p>Metaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of nondisjunction during meiosis?

<p>Gametes with alternate chromosome number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes meiosis from mitosis in terms of chromosome number in the resulting daughter cells?

<p>Meiosis produces haploid cells; mitosis produces diploid cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the cell cycle typically precedes mitosis?

<p>Interphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

<p>Copies DNA and carries the message from DNA to ribosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which RNA type is primarily responsible for linking amino acids during protein synthesis?

<p>rRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes transcription?

<p>It involves copying the DNA sequence into mRNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

<p>Transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines a gene?

<p>A part of DNA that codes for a specific amino acid sequence of a protein. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the G1 phase in interphase?

<p>Cell growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate?

<p>Metaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?

<p>It starts to dissolve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells carry two sets of each chromosome?

<p>Diploid cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms during prophase to help separate chromosomes during cell division?

<p>Spindle fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hours is the entire mitotic process estimated to take?

<p>1 hour (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of anaphase?

<p>Sister chromatids are pulled apart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phases involves the unwinding of chromosomes back into chromatin?

<p>Telophase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of human chromosomes?

<p>23 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process results in the creation of a sporophyte from gametes?

<p>Fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately defines the term 'phenotype'?

<p>The physical expression of genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction involves the development of offspring from a portion of the parent organism?

<p>Fragmentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a sporophyte from a gametophyte?

<p>Sporophyte is diploid; gametophyte is haploid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of asexual reproduction mentioned?

<p>Binary Fission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the different versions of the same gene?

<p>Alleles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of mitosis in asexual reproduction?

<p>Generating genetically identical cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Mendelian genetics, what does the term 'genotype' refer to?

<p>The alleles present in an organism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of asexual reproduction allows for the creation of a complete organism from an unfertilized egg?

<p>Parthenogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for generating genetic variation in eukaryotic organisms?

<p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a dominant allele?

<p>It can mask the expression of other alleles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genotype represents a homozygous recessive individual?

<p>bb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a monohybrid cross between Tt and tt, what is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

<p>1 tall: 1 short (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Mendel's Law of Segregation?

<p>Only one allele from each pair is distributed to gametes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a man with genotype Bb and a woman with genotype bb have children, what is the probability of having a child with brachydactyly?

<p>50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which result occurs from a heterozygous x homozygous recessive cross?

<p>Half will express the dominant trait. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected genotypic ratio from a Tt x Tt cross?

<p>1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment state?

<p>Alleles on homologous chromosomes align independently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of inheritance, what does the term 'gene pool' refer to?

<p>The collection of all alleles within a population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a heterozygous individual?

<p>Has different alleles for a trait. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Cycle

The sequence of events that a cell goes through from its formation to its division.

Interphase

The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing.

Mitosis

The division of the nucleus of a cell, resulting in two daughter nuclei.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm of a cell following mitosis.

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Meiosis

The process of cell division that occurs in sex cells (gametes) and results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

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Crossing Over

The process of chromosomes exchanging genetic material during meiosis.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of creating sperm cells.

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G1 Phase

The first stage of interphase, during which the cell increases in size and produces new proteins to replace old ones.

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S Phase

The phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated, resulting in two identical copies of the genome.

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G2 Phase

The final stage of interphase, during which the cell prepares for mitosis, ensuring all necessary components are ready.

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Chromatin

A complex of DNA and associated proteins that condenses into chromosomes during cell division.

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Prophase

The first stage of mitosis, characterized by the condensation of chromatin into chromosomes, the breakdown of the nuclear envelope and the formation of the spindle fibers.

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Metaphase

The stage of mitosis during which chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

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Anaphase

The stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

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Telophase

The final stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes unwind into chromatin. This is followed by cytokinesis to complete the cell division.

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What is a gene?

A segment of DNA that provides the instructions for building a specific protein. it contains the code for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

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Transcription

The process of copying genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. It's the first step in protein synthesis.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A type of RNA that carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It serves as a messenger molecule.

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Translation

The second step in protein synthesis where the genetic code carried by mRNA is translated into a protein. It takes place in the ribosomes.

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Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A type of RNA that carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes during translation. It helps match the correct amino acid with each codon on mRNA.

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Gene Pool

Genes present within a specific population. It is a collection of all the alleles for every gene in a population.

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Dominant Allele

An allele that will express its trait even if only one copy is present in a genotype.

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Recessive Allele

An allele that will only express its trait if two copies are present in a genotype.

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Homozygous

An individual with two identical alleles for a specific trait.

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Heterozygous

An individual with two different alleles for a specific trait.

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Monohybrid Cross

A cross between two organisms with different alleles for one specific trait.

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P Generation

The parental generation in a genetic cross, the starting point.

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F1 Generation

The first generation offspring from a cross between two parents.

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F2 Generation

The second generation offspring from a cross between two F1 individuals.

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Homozygous Dominant

An individual with two copies of a dominant allele.

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Sporophyte

The diploid generation of a plant that produces haploid spores through meiosis.

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Gametophyte

The haploid generation of a plant that produces gametes (sperm and egg) through mitosis.

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Fertilization

The fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) to create a zygote, which develops into a diploid sporophyte.

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Asexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes and results in offspring genetically identical to the parent. Examples include budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.

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Budding

A form of asexual reproduction where a new individual develops as an outgrowth or bud from the parent. The bud eventually detaches and becomes an independent organism.

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Fragmentation

A form of asexual reproduction where new individuals arise from fragments or pieces of the parent organism. Each fragment can develop into a complete organism.

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Parthenogenesis

A form of asexual reproduction where a female gamete (egg) develops into a new individual without fertilization by a male gamete.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual, referring to the specific alleles they possess for a particular gene.

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Phenotype

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype and environmental factors.

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Alleles

Different versions of the same gene that occupy the same locus (position) on homologous chromosomes.

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Study Notes

Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology

  • Exam comprises ~40% of the diploma.
  • 24 questions approximately.

Cell Division

  • Mitosis: 2 divisions.
  • Meiosis: 3 divisions.
  • Non-disjunction: 1 division.
  • Life Cycles: 1 division.
  • Mitosis (PMAT): Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
  • Chromosome significance: Different chromosome numbers in somatic (body) vs. sex cells (diploid vs. haploid).
  • Cell cycle: Interphase (G1, S, and G2), Mitosis (PMAT), and Cytokinesis.
  • Meiosis: Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis. Importance of chromosome number reduction.
  • Mitosis & Meiosis comparison: Their processes, crossing-over, and nondisjunction roles in inheritance & development.
  • Offspring types: Comparing fraternal & identical offspring.
  • Human Karyotypes: Interpretation of models.
  • Stages of Mitosis from diagrams/images
  • Duration calculation of each mitosis stage.

Mendelian Genetics

  • Crosses: 4-5 divisions.
  • Pedigree: 1 division.
  • Inheritance mode: What-if scenarios.
  • Genotype: Describes the alleles present.
  • Phenotype: Describes visible traits
  • Gene concepts: Genes (heritable sections of DNA – protein coding/non-protein coding), Alleles (variants of a gene).
  • Human traits: Example: Brachydactyly (dominant), normal length fingers (recessive).
  • Homozygous: Two copies of the same allele (BB, bb).
  • Heterozygous: Two different alleles (Bb).

Molecular Genetics

  • DNA Replication: 2 divisions.
  • Protein Synthesis: 3 divisions.
  • Recombination: 1 division; what-if scenarios.
  • Chromosomal Mapping: 1 division; examples.
  • DNA structure: Deoxyribonucleic acid; nucleotides (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine).
  • DNA location: Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
  • Semi-conservative replication: Each strand serves as a template.
  • Transcription steps (DNA → mRNA): Initiation, elongation, and termination.
  • Translation steps (mRNA → protein): Initiation, elongation, and termination.

Additional Topics

  • Asexual Reproduction: Budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.
  • Alternation of Generations: Plant life cycles (sporophyte, gametophyte).
  • Random fertilization: Source of genetic variation.
  • Nondisjunction: Errors in meiosis; examples (Trisomy 21).
  • Human Genome Project: Timeline and significance.
  • Multiple alleles: Example: Eye color in Drosophila
  • Modes of inheritance: Incomplete dominance, codominance, X-linked traits, and other special cases.
  • Pedigrees: Family history charts used to understand inheritance patterns.
  • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Technique used to amplify specific DNA segments.
  • Gel Electrophoresis: Technique to separate DNA fragments based on size.
  • Applications of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology: Agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and gene therapy.
  • Blood typing: Codominance example.
  • Chromosome Mapping: Determination by recombination frequency.
  • Genotypes and phenotypes.

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Diploma Prep - Cell Division, Genetics & Molecular Biology PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on cell division processes including mitosis and meiosis, as well as the roles of different types of RNA in protein synthesis. This quiz covers key concepts such as chromosome alignment, nondisjunction, and the function of mRNA and tRNA. Dive into the fascinating world of cellular biology!

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