Cell Division and Mitosis Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which process is responsible for producing sperm and egg cells?

  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
  • Interphase
  • Meiosis (correct)

Mitosis results in the production of haploid cells.

False (B)

What is the primary purpose of cytokinesis?

To divide the cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells

During __________, chromosomes replicate and prepare for cell division.

<p>interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages with their correct descriptions:

<p>Prophase = Chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane breaks down Metaphase = Chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane Anaphase = Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles Telophase = Nuclear membrane re-forms around each set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of somatic cell division?

<p>Two diploid daughter cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells in the body are produced through meiosis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are diploid cells?

<p>Cells that contain two complete sets of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of centrioles during cell division?

<p>They replicate to ensure each cell has two centriole pairs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokinesis and telophase occur simultaneously in the cell cycle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call the process when haploid gametes fuse to form a zygote?

<p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Somatic cells are referred to as __________ cells due to their two sets of chromosomes.

<p>diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of meiosis in gamete production?

<p>To produce haploid gametes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Diploid = Cells with two sets of chromosomes Haploid = Cells with one set of chromosomes Gametes = Reproductive cells involved in fertilization Zygote = The initial cell formed when two gametes unite</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis results in daughter cells that are diploid.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms during cytokinesis that helps separate the cytoplasm?

<p>cleavage furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of meiosis?

<p>Gamete production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis consists of only one nuclear division.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the four phases of meiosis I.

<p>Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

During meiosis, the cells produced contain a __________ number of chromosomes.

<p>haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the synapsis phase of Prophase I?

<p>Homologous chromosomes pair up (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the meiosis phases with their descriptions:

<p>Prophase I = Homologous chromosomes pair and crossing-over occurs Metaphase I = Paired chromosomes align along the equatorial plane Anaphase I = Homologous chromosomes are separated to opposite poles Telophase I = Cell divides into two daughter cells with haploid nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA is replicated during the interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two primary divisions of meiosis are called __________ division and __________ division.

<p>reduction, equatorial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Somatic Cell Division

Cell division that produces two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Reproductive Cell Division

Cell division that produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Interphase

The phase between cell divisions where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division.

DNA Replication

The process by which DNA replicates, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information.

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Prophase (Mitosis)

The first stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane disappears, and spindle fibers form.

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Metaphase (Mitosis)

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.

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Anaphase (Mitosis)

The stage of mitosis where the centromeres split and sister chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles.

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Telophase (Mitosis)

The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane reforms, and the cytoplasm divides.

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Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm, which occurs after the nucleus has divided in mitosis and meiosis.

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Meiosis I

The first division of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material.

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Synapsis

The stage in Prophase I of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material.

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Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.

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Metaphase I

The stage in Meiosis I where homologous chromosome pairs line up at the equator of the cell.

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Anaphase I

The stage in Meiosis I where homologous chromosome pairs separate and move to opposite poles.

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Telophase I

The final stage in Meiosis I where chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane reforms, and the cytoplasm divides.

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Meiosis II

The second division of meiosis, where sister chromatids separate.

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Prophase II

The stage in Prophase II of meiosis where chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane disappears, and spindle fibers form.

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Metaphase II

The stage in Meiosis II where chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.

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Anaphase II

The stage in Meiosis II where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

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Telophase II

The final stage in Meiosis II where chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane reforms, and the cytoplasm divides.

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Gametes

Sex cells (sperm and egg) that carry half the number of chromosomes found in other cells.

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Zygote

A fertilized egg cell that contains the complete set of chromosomes from both parents.

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Somatic Cells

Body cells (all cells except gametes) that contain two sets of chromosomes.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits.

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Diploid Cells

Cells containing two sets of chromosomes (2n).

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Haploid Cells

Cells containing one set of chromosomes (n).

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Study Notes

Cell Division

  • Somatic Cell Division - Single parent cell divides into two daughter cells through mitosis and cytokinesis. The daughter cells have the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent.
  • Reproductive Cell Division - Produces sperm and egg cells through meiosis. The process involves nuclear division (meiosis) followed by cytokinesis.

Interphase

  • This phase occurs between cell divisions.
  • Chromosomes are replicated.
  • RNA and proteins for cell growth are produced.
  • DNA replicates by partially unfolding, exposing nitrogen bases.
  • Complementary nitrogen bases pair with the exposed bases, creating two DNA molecules.

Mitosis

  • Occurs after interphase.
  • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear, centrioles replicate, and spindle fibers appear.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
  • Anaphase: Centromeres split, and sister chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles.
  • Telophase: Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reappears, nucleoli reform, spindle fibers disappear, and cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis).
  • The result is two daughter cells identical to the parent cell.

Meiosis

  • Reduction Division (Meiosis I)
    • Occurs in two stages.
    • Prophase I: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear, centrioles replicate, and spindle fibers appear. Homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis), forming tetrads. Crossing-over occurs, exchanging genetic material between chromatids.
    • Metaphase I: Homologous chromosomes line up at the cell's equator.
    • Anaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs separate and move to opposite poles.
    • Telophase I: Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reappears, nucleoli reform, spindle fibers disappear, and cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis).
  • Equatorial Division (Meiosis II)
    • Prophase II: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear, centrioles replicate, and spindle fibers appear.
    • Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at the cell's equator.
    • Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
    • Telophase II: Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reappears, nucleoli reform, spindle fibers disappear, and cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis).

Key Terms

  • Gametes: Sex cells (sperm and egg).
  • Zygote: A fertilized egg cell.
  • Somatic cells: Body cells (not gametes).
  • Homologous chromosomes: Matching pairs of chromosomes.
  • Diploid cells: Cells containing two sets of chromosomes (2n).
  • Haploid cells: Cells containing one set of chromosomes (n).

Meiosis Facts

  • Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells.
  • Crossing-over in Prophase I contributes to genetic diversity.
  • Meiosis ensures that offspring inherit half their chromosomes from each parent.

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Description

Explore the fascinating processes of cell division, including somatic and reproductive cell division. This quiz covers the stages of mitosis and the important phase of interphase, detailing how chromosomes behave during these critical processes. Test your understanding of cellular reproduction and the mechanisms that ensure genetic continuity.

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