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Questions and Answers
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
What is the result of mitosis in somatic cells?
What is the result of mitosis in somatic cells?
What is the purpose of crossing over in meiosis?
What is the purpose of crossing over in meiosis?
What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
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What is the main advantage of asexual reproduction?
What is the main advantage of asexual reproduction?
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What is the result of meiosis in gamete cells?
What is the result of meiosis in gamete cells?
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What is the purpose of cytokinesis in the cell cycle?
What is the purpose of cytokinesis in the cell cycle?
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What is unique about meiosis compared to mitosis?
What is unique about meiosis compared to mitosis?
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What is the primary importance of genetic diversity generated by independent assortment?
What is the primary importance of genetic diversity generated by independent assortment?
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How many chromosomes are there in human somatic cells and gametes, respectively?
How many chromosomes are there in human somatic cells and gametes, respectively?
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What is the genetic composition of an egg producer?
What is the genetic composition of an egg producer?
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What is the genotype frequency of offspring in a dihybrid cross between RrBb and RRBB parents?
What is the genotype frequency of offspring in a dihybrid cross between RrBb and RRBB parents?
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What percentage of offspring will have blood type B from parents with genotypes IBi x IAIB?
What percentage of offspring will have blood type B from parents with genotypes IBi x IAIB?
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Given a mother with genotype XHXh and a father with genotype XHY, what is the probability of having a hemophiliac egg producer?
Given a mother with genotype XHXh and a father with genotype XHY, what is the probability of having a hemophiliac egg producer?
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What best describes homologous chromosomes?
What best describes homologous chromosomes?
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In humans, how many pairs of autosomes are there?
In humans, how many pairs of autosomes are there?
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Study Notes
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
- Interphase: Cell growth and DNA replication occur, consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases.
- M Phase (Mitosis): Division of the cell nucleus, consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells.
Chromatin and Chromosomes
- Chromatin: Uncondensed form of DNA found during interphase.
- Chromosomes: Condensed form of DNA found during mitosis and meiosis.
Phases of Mitosis
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform, chromosomes decondense.
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction: Rapid reproduction, less energy required, no need for a mate, but lacks genetic diversity.
- Sexual Reproduction: Increases genetic diversity, enhancing survival adaptability.
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
- Mitosis: Results in 2 identical diploid cells, used for growth and repair.
- Meiosis: Results in 4 non-identical haploid cells, used for sexual reproduction.
Genetic Diversity in Meiosis
- Steps increasing diversity:
- Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
- Independent Assortment: Random distribution of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I.
Somatic Cells vs. Gametes
- Somatic cells: Body cells, diploid (2n), containing 46 chromosomes in humans.
- Gametes: Sex cells (sperm and eggs), haploid (n), containing 23 chromosomes in humans.
Homologous Chromosomes
- Definition: Pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent) that have the same structure and gene sequence but may contain different alleles.
Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes
- Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs in humans).
- Sex Chromosomes: Determine biological sex (1 pair, X and Y in humans).
Chromosome Numbers
- Somatic cells: 46 chromosomes (diploid).
- Gametes: 23 chromosomes (haploid).
Genetics: Mendel and Heredity
- Vocabulary:
- Homozygous: Two identical alleles (e.g., AA or aa).
- Heterozygous: Two different alleles (e.g., Aa).
- Trait: A characteristic.
- Allele: A version of a gene.
- Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a trait.
- Genotype: Genetic makeup.
- Phenotype: Observable traits.
- Genome: Complete set of genes.
- Dominant: An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele.
- Recessive: An allele whose effects are masked by a dominant allele.
Genetic Crosses
- Dihybrid Cross:
- Parents’ genotypes: RrBb x RRBB
- Offspring genotypes: RRBb, RRBB, RrBb, RrBB
- Offspring phenotypes: Normal running, black hair
- Multiple Alleles:
- Parents: IBi x IAIB
- Child’s probability: 50% blood type B (IBIB or IBi)
- Sex-Linked Traits:
- Mother’s genotype: XHXh
- Father’s genotype: XHY
- Probability of non-hemophiliac child: 75%
- Probability of affected child: 25%
- Probability of hemophiliac egg producer: 0%
Theory of Evolution
- Geological Ideas of Darwin’s Time
- Contributors: Lyell...
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Description
Study guide covering mitosis, meiosis, cell cycle phases, DNA replication, and genetics. Topics include interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
