Cell Division and Genetic Information Quiz
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Cell Division and Genetic Information Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What occurs during crossing over in Prophase I of meiosis?

  • Homologous chromosomes separate completely.
  • Sister chromatids exchange segments of their chromosomes. (correct)
  • Chromosomes align in a single file along the equator.
  • Spindle fibers begin to pull chromosomes to opposite poles.

    • What is the result of nondisjunction during Anaphase I of meiosis?

  • Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles without issue.
  • Tetraploidy occurs due to excessive chromosome replication.
  • Homologous chromosomes fail to separate, leading to trisomy or monosomy. (correct)
  • The chromosomes separate correctly into gametes.

    • During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up in tetrads?

  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase II
  • Prophase II
  • Metaphase I (correct)

    • What characteristic distinguishes non-sister chromatids during the process of synapsis?

    <p>They are aligned side by side but carry different alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does independent assortment during Metaphase I contribute to genetic variation?

    <p>It ensures that paternal and maternal chromosomes segregate randomly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Interphase before Meiosis I begins?

    <p>Chromosomes are replicated, allowing the cell to start with duplicated chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of synapsis during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>It allows homologous chromosomes to align and form a tetrad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes Anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Spindle fibers cause homologous chromosomes to move to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Telophase I in meiosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes begin to uncoil and new nuclear membranes form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a somatic cell?

    <p>Is a body cell that contains paired chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diploid number of chromosomes in humans?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a cell containing unpaired chromosomes?

    <p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the centromere during cell division?

    <p>It helps in the segregation of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in eukaryotic cells organizes DNA into chromosomes?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is polyploidy defined?

    <p>Presence of more than two sets of homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the chromosomes of homologous pairs?

    <p>They carry different genes at the same locus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long intertwined strands of DNA in the nucleus called before it condenses into chromosomes?

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of mitosis?

    <p>To produce diploid cells from diploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle is new genetic material synthesized?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during prophase in mitosis?

    <p>Chromatin condenses into chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of spindle fibers during metaphase?

    <p>To align chromosomes at the cell equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one main characteristic of anaphase?

    <p>Centromeres split and chromatids are pulled apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of interphase involves cell growth and the production of proteins needed for division?

    <p>G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during G1 phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>Cells grow rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase?

    <p>It breaks down completely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during fragmentation in plant reproduction?

    <p>Creation of new plants from fragments of a parent plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario does parthenogenesis occur?

    <p>An unfertilized egg develops into a male drone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about spores is correct?

    <p>Spores may be haploid or diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the sporophyte generation in plants?

    <p>Dominant generation in vascular plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which life cycle structure is associated with the gametophyte generation?

    <p>Leafy green mat of mosses that produces sperm and eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly defines alternation of generations?

    <p>A reproductive cycle that includes both haploid and diploid phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cnidarians demonstrate alternation in sexual cycles?

    <p>By having both a non-motile and motile adult form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reproductive strategy in non-vascular plants?

    <p>Dependence on the gametophyte generation for reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between meiosis II and mitosis?

    <p>Meiosis II results in haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During spermatogenesis, what is the outcome of meiosis II?

    <p>Four spermatids are produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the unequal cytokinesis in oogenesis?

    <p>A secondary oocyte is produced with the majority of cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does the mature sperm's midsection primarily contain?

    <p>A large number of mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about polar bodies is true?

    <p>They result from the unequal division of cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mitosis contribute to gamete formation in animals?

    <p>It maintains a supply of germ cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chromosome state of gametes after meiosis?

    <p>Haploid with unreplicated chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of oogenesis does the second polar body form?

    <p>Meiosis II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Division and the Cell Cycle

    • The cell cycle is the life cycle of a cell.
    • Somatic cells are body cells (e.g., blood cells, skin cells, nerve cells).
    • Sex cells contain half the genetic information of human cells.
    • The parent cell passes genetic information to its daughter cell.

    Genetic Information in Eukaryotic Cells

    • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) controls heredity.
    • Chromosomes are DNA and associated proteins found in the cell nucleus.
    • A single human cell has 3 meters of DNA organized into chromosomes using proteins (histones).
    • Chromatin are long intertwined strands that condense to form chromosomes.
    • Centromeres are specialized regions where the chromosome is pinched.
    • This helps during cell division.

    Chromosome Number

    • Humans have 22 homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes.
    • Homologous chromosomes are similar in appearance.
    • They carry different forms of genes (alleles).
    • Humans have a diploid number of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
    • Sex cells are haploid (n=23), containing only one chromosome from each pair.
    • Polyploidy refers to cells having more than two sets of homologous chromosomes.

    The Cell Cycle

    • Mitosis is the process that produces diploid cells from diploid cells that are identical.
    • Interphase is the growth stage where the cell performs its cellular functions and prepares for division.
    • G1 (Gap 1) phase: Quick cell growth.
    • S (Synthesis) phase: New genetic material is created.
    • G2 (Gap 2) phase: Cell rebuilds its energy reserves.

    Mitosis Phases

    • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; nuclear membrane breaks down; nucleolus disappears; spindle fibers form.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator; spindle fibers attach to each chromosome's centromere.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate; spindle fibers pull them to opposite poles of the cell.
    • Telophase: Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell; chromosomes unwind; nuclear membranes reform; nucleoli reappear; cytokinesis begins.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis is a cell division that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells in the ovaries and testes.
    • It has two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II)
    • Meiosis produces daughter cells with fewer chromosomes than the parent cells.
    • Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate.
    • Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate.
    • Recombination division: Products of meiosis have different combinations of genes. Offspring are not identical.

    Gamete Formation in Animals

    • Spermatogenesis: Sperm production in the testes from diploid cells to 4 haploid spermatids/sperm.
    • Oogenesis: Egg production in the ovaries from diploid cells to 1 haploid ovum (and polar bodies).

    Genetic Recombination

    • Independent Assortment: Chromosomes align randomly at metaphase I; creating unique chromosome combinations in the gametes.
    • Crossing Over: Non-sister chromatids exchange segments during prophase I, shuffling genetic data. This is important as it leads to variation within the offspring.

    Nondisjunction

    • Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate during cell division.
    • This can result in abnormal chromosome numbers leading to genetic disease or disorders.

    Specific Outcome 1.7 (Alternation of Generations)

    • Sexual reproduction involves production of gametes via meiosis followed by fertilization.
    • Binary fission is asexual reproduction in prokaryotes (bacteria).
    • Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring.
    • Examples of asexual reproduction include budding, vegetative reproduction (e.g., runners in strawberries).
    • Alternation of generations: some plants have both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) generations.

    Specific Outcome 1.6 (Compare Fraternal and Paternal Offspring)

    • Fraternal offspring result from separate fertilization events with unique gene combinations.
    • Paternal offspring share common genetic material.

    Specific Outcome 1.5 (Crossing Over & Non-disjunction)

    • Significance: These processes lead to genetic variation (crossing over) & potential genetic disorders (nondisjunction).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cell division, the cell cycle, and genetic information in eukaryotic cells. This quiz covers essential concepts such as somatic and sex cells, DNA structure, and chromosome numbers in humans. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of cell biology.

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