Cell Division and Genetic Information Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What occurs during crossing over in Prophase I of meiosis?

  • Homologous chromosomes separate completely.
  • Sister chromatids exchange segments of their chromosomes. (correct)
  • Chromosomes align in a single file along the equator.
  • Spindle fibers begin to pull chromosomes to opposite poles.

What is the result of nondisjunction during Anaphase I of meiosis?

  • Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles without issue.
  • Tetraploidy occurs due to excessive chromosome replication.
  • Homologous chromosomes fail to separate, leading to trisomy or monosomy. (correct)
  • The chromosomes separate correctly into gametes.

During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up in tetrads?

  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase II
  • Prophase II
  • Metaphase I (correct)

What characteristic distinguishes non-sister chromatids during the process of synapsis?

<p>They are aligned side by side but carry different alleles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does independent assortment during Metaphase I contribute to genetic variation?

<p>It ensures that paternal and maternal chromosomes segregate randomly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Interphase before Meiosis I begins?

<p>Chromosomes are replicated, allowing the cell to start with duplicated chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of synapsis during Prophase I of meiosis?

<p>It allows homologous chromosomes to align and form a tetrad. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of homologous chromosomes?

<p>Metaphase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Anaphase I of meiosis?

<p>Spindle fibers cause homologous chromosomes to move to opposite poles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of Telophase I in meiosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes begin to uncoil and new nuclear membranes form. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a somatic cell?

<p>Is a body cell that contains paired chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diploid number of chromosomes in humans?

<p>46 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a cell containing unpaired chromosomes?

<p>Haploid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the centromere during cell division?

<p>It helps in the segregation of chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in eukaryotic cells organizes DNA into chromosomes?

<p>Histones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is polyploidy defined?

<p>Presence of more than two sets of homologous chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the chromosomes of homologous pairs?

<p>They carry different genes at the same locus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the long intertwined strands of DNA in the nucleus called before it condenses into chromosomes?

<p>Chromatin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of mitosis?

<p>To produce diploid cells from diploid cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle is new genetic material synthesized?

<p>S phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during prophase in mitosis?

<p>Chromatin condenses into chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of spindle fibers during metaphase?

<p>To align chromosomes at the cell equator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one main characteristic of anaphase?

<p>Centromeres split and chromatids are pulled apart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of interphase involves cell growth and the production of proteins needed for division?

<p>G2 phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during G1 phase of the cell cycle?

<p>Cells grow rapidly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase?

<p>It breaks down completely (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during fragmentation in plant reproduction?

<p>Creation of new plants from fragments of a parent plant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario does parthenogenesis occur?

<p>An unfertilized egg develops into a male drone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about spores is correct?

<p>Spores may be haploid or diploid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the sporophyte generation in plants?

<p>Dominant generation in vascular plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which life cycle structure is associated with the gametophyte generation?

<p>Leafy green mat of mosses that produces sperm and eggs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly defines alternation of generations?

<p>A reproductive cycle that includes both haploid and diploid phases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cnidarians demonstrate alternation in sexual cycles?

<p>By having both a non-motile and motile adult form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reproductive strategy in non-vascular plants?

<p>Dependence on the gametophyte generation for reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between meiosis II and mitosis?

<p>Meiosis II results in haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During spermatogenesis, what is the outcome of meiosis II?

<p>Four spermatids are produced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the unequal cytokinesis in oogenesis?

<p>A secondary oocyte is produced with the majority of cytoplasm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the mature sperm's midsection primarily contain?

<p>A large number of mitochondria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about polar bodies is true?

<p>They result from the unequal division of cytoplasm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does mitosis contribute to gamete formation in animals?

<p>It maintains a supply of germ cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chromosome state of gametes after meiosis?

<p>Haploid with unreplicated chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of oogenesis does the second polar body form?

<p>Meiosis II. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chromosome Number in Somatic Cells

Somatic cells have a diploid number of chromosomes, meaning they have pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Chromosome Number in Sex Cells

Sex cells (gametes) have a haploid number of chromosomes, meaning they have only one set of chromosomes.

Diploid

A cell containing pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Haploid

A cell that contains unpaired chromosomes.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosome pairs with similar structures, carrying the same genes at the same locations.

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Human Chromosome Number

Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in somatic cells; 23 chromosomes in sex cells.

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Human Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) containing a haploid set of chromosomes.

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Somatic Cell

Any cell in the body other than reproductive cells.

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Sex Cell

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg).

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Polyploidy

Cells containing more than two sets of homologous chromosomes.

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Mitosis

Cell division that produces two identical diploid daughter cells from a single diploid parent cell.

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Interphase

The growth stage of the cell cycle, where the cell prepares for division. DNA replicates in the S phase.

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G1 phase

First growth phase of interphase; rapid cell growth.

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S phase

Synthesis phase of interphase; DNA replication occurs.

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G2 phase

Second growth phase of interphase; cell prepares for division to make more resources for division.

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Prophase (Mitosis)

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers form.

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Metaphase (Mitosis)

Chromosomes line up at the cell's equator, spindle fibers attach to centromeres.

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Anaphase (Mitosis)

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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Diploid cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n).

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Crossing Over

Homologous chromosomes exchange segments during Prophase I of meiosis.

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Non-disjunction

Chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis, leading to abnormal chromosome numbers in gametes.

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Independent Assortment

During Metaphase I, homologous chromosomes align randomly, leading to different combinations of genetic material in gametes.

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Trisomy

A genetic condition with three copies of a particular chromosome.

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Meiosis I Interphase

Germ cell chromosomes replicate in the S phase, forming duplicated chromosomes.

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Monosomy

A genetic condition with only one copy of a particular chromosome.

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Synapsis

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.

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Meiosis I Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes (not identical, different alleles) pair up called Synapsis, forming a tetrad of 4 sister chromatids that align.

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Meiosis I Metaphase I

Homologous chromosome pairs line up at the cell's equator.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosome pairs with similar structures, carrying the same genes but not identical alleles.

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Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome.

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Meiosis I Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles of the cell.

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Meiosis I Telophase I

Homologous chromosomes uncoil, spindle fibers disappear, and the cytoplasm divides forming two haploid cells with duplicated sister chromatids.

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Synapsis (Meiosis I)

The aligning of homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I to form a tetrad.

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Tetrads (Meiosis I)

A structure formed by four sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosome pairs carrying the same genes (but not necessarily the same alleles).

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Fragmentation

Asexual reproduction where new plants grow from a fragment of a parent plant.

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Parthenogenesis

Asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into a new organism.

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Spores

Specialized structures containing genetic material that can be dispersed over long distances.

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Alternation of Generations

Life cycle of plants with two alternating generations: haploid and diploid.

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Sporophyte

Diploid plant generation that produces spores.

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Gametophyte

Haploid plant generation that produces gametes.

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Vascular Plants

Plants with specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients. Their dominant generation is the sporophyte.

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Non-vascular Plants

Plants without specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients; their dominant generation is the gametophyte.

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Mosses

Non-vascular plants with a dominant gametophyte generation. Sperm swims to egg in moist environments.

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Conifers

Vascular plants with a dominant sporophyte generation.

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Alternation in Sexual Cycles

Found only in plants; alternation between sexual and asexual reproduction.

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Meiosis II

The second part of meiosis, similar to mitosis, where haploid cells with duplicated chromatids become haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes.

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Gamete Formation (Animals)

The process of creating sperm and eggs (gametes) in animals, involving specialization from diploid germ cells.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm formation in the testes, starting with a diploid spermatogonium.

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Spermatogonium

The diploid cell that begins the sperm-making process.

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Primary Spermatocyte

A cell produced from spermatogonium that undergoes meiosis I.

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Secondary Spermatocyte

A cell produced from a primary spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis II, forming spermatids.

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Spermatids

Cells formed after meiosis II in spermatogenesis, that develop into mature sperm.

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Oogenesis

The process of egg (ovum) formation in the ovaries, starting with a diploid oogonium that undergoes mitosis.

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Oogonium

The diploid cell that begins the egg-making process.

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Primary Oocyte

A diploid cell produced from oogonium; undergoes meiosis I resulting in unequal splitting of cytoplasm.

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Polar Body

Non-functional cell produced during oogenesis; gets small amount of cytoplasm.

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Secondary Oocyte

The cell produced from the primary oocyte after meiosis I that undergoes meiosis II and ends up with a large amount of cytoplasm.

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Mitosis and Meiosis

Two types of cell division; mitosis creates identical copies, meiosis produces unique haploid gametes

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Study Notes

Cell Division and the Cell Cycle

  • The cell cycle is the life cycle of a cell.
  • Somatic cells are body cells (e.g., blood cells, skin cells, nerve cells).
  • Sex cells contain half the genetic information of human cells.
  • The parent cell passes genetic information to its daughter cell.

Genetic Information in Eukaryotic Cells

  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) controls heredity.
  • Chromosomes are DNA and associated proteins found in the cell nucleus.
  • A single human cell has 3 meters of DNA organized into chromosomes using proteins (histones).
  • Chromatin are long intertwined strands that condense to form chromosomes.
  • Centromeres are specialized regions where the chromosome is pinched.
  • This helps during cell division.

Chromosome Number

  • Humans have 22 homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes.
  • Homologous chromosomes are similar in appearance.
  • They carry different forms of genes (alleles).
  • Humans have a diploid number of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
  • Sex cells are haploid (n=23), containing only one chromosome from each pair.
  • Polyploidy refers to cells having more than two sets of homologous chromosomes.

The Cell Cycle

  • Mitosis is the process that produces diploid cells from diploid cells that are identical.
  • Interphase is the growth stage where the cell performs its cellular functions and prepares for division.
  • G1 (Gap 1) phase: Quick cell growth.
  • S (Synthesis) phase: New genetic material is created.
  • G2 (Gap 2) phase: Cell rebuilds its energy reserves.

Mitosis Phases

  • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; nuclear membrane breaks down; nucleolus disappears; spindle fibers form.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator; spindle fibers attach to each chromosome's centromere.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate; spindle fibers pull them to opposite poles of the cell.
  • Telophase: Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell; chromosomes unwind; nuclear membranes reform; nucleoli reappear; cytokinesis begins.

Meiosis

  • Meiosis is a cell division that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells in the ovaries and testes.
  • It has two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II)
  • Meiosis produces daughter cells with fewer chromosomes than the parent cells.
  • Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate.
  • Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate.
  • Recombination division: Products of meiosis have different combinations of genes. Offspring are not identical.

Gamete Formation in Animals

  • Spermatogenesis: Sperm production in the testes from diploid cells to 4 haploid spermatids/sperm.
  • Oogenesis: Egg production in the ovaries from diploid cells to 1 haploid ovum (and polar bodies).

Genetic Recombination

  • Independent Assortment: Chromosomes align randomly at metaphase I; creating unique chromosome combinations in the gametes.
  • Crossing Over: Non-sister chromatids exchange segments during prophase I, shuffling genetic data. This is important as it leads to variation within the offspring.

Nondisjunction

  • Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate during cell division.
  • This can result in abnormal chromosome numbers leading to genetic disease or disorders.

Specific Outcome 1.7 (Alternation of Generations)

  • Sexual reproduction involves production of gametes via meiosis followed by fertilization.
  • Binary fission is asexual reproduction in prokaryotes (bacteria).
  • Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring.
  • Examples of asexual reproduction include budding, vegetative reproduction (e.g., runners in strawberries).
  • Alternation of generations: some plants have both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) generations.

Specific Outcome 1.6 (Compare Fraternal and Paternal Offspring)

  • Fraternal offspring result from separate fertilization events with unique gene combinations.
  • Paternal offspring share common genetic material.

Specific Outcome 1.5 (Crossing Over & Non-disjunction)

  • Significance: These processes lead to genetic variation (crossing over) & potential genetic disorders (nondisjunction).

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Description

Test your knowledge on cell division, the cell cycle, and genetic information in eukaryotic cells. This quiz covers essential concepts such as somatic and sex cells, DNA structure, and chromosome numbers in humans. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of cell biology.

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