Cell Differentiation + Epigenetics + Phenotype

Through differential gene expression, where different genes in their DNA become active and get expressed.

A stimulus, such as a chemical signal, triggers the activation of certain genes.

mRNA is translated on ribosomes to produce proteins.

<p>Transcription factors control the expression of genes by either stimulating or inhibiting transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activators stimulate gene expression by increasing the rate of transcription, while repressors inhibit gene expression by decreasing the rate of transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An operon is a section of DNA that includes a cluster of structural genes that are transcribed together, and it functions by binding to transcription factors that either stimulate or inhibit transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcription factors bind to specific DNA sites near the start of target genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell becomes irreversibly specialized, with permanent modifications to its structure and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differential gene expression allows different cells to specialize and acquire unique structures and functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcription factors control the rate of transcription by either increasing or decreasing the rate of transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a DNA sequence that RNA polymerase initially binds to, enabling a gene to be transcribed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It binds to the operator site, preventing RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter region and blocking transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It binds to the lac repressor, changing its shape and preventing it from binding to the operator site, allowing RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter region and initiate transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve a change in the base sequence of DNA. It involves the switching-on and switching-off of genes without altering the genetic code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It adds a methyl group to cytosine bases, preventing RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter region and suppressing gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It adds an acetyl group to histone proteins, making the DNA less tightly wrapped around the histones and allowing RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter region and initiate transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It removes acetyl groups from histone proteins, making the chromatin more condensed and preventing RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter region, resulting in gene repression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetic changes can be passed on after cell division, affecting the expression of genes in daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetic modifications, such as acetylation, can lead to the activation of inappropriate genes, increasing the risk of cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methylation typically represses gene expression, while acetylation typically activates gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain genes that are activated or deactivated in the original cell will also be activated or deactivated in the daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove epigenetic marks, such as methylation and acetylation, allowing for a reset of gene expression in the zygote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous variation shows a range of values, while discontinuous variation shows distinct categories with no in-between variants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental factors can influence the expression of polygenic traits, such as height and skin color, by interacting with genetic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monogenic inheritance is influenced by one gene, showing discontinuous variation, while polygenic inheritance is influenced by multiple genes, showing continuous variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetic changes can occur in response to environmental factors, allowing daughter cells to be better adapted to the changed environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylation of histones activates genes, allowing for gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis removes most acetylation and methylation, allowing for a reset of gene expression in the zygote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer can disrupt the cell cycle by bypassing critical checkpoints, allowing damaged DNA to be replicated and abnormal cells to divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-differentiated embryonic stem cells are totipotent and have not yet activated or deactivated genes, making them useful for research.</p> Signup and view all the answers