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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of necrosis in most cases?
What is the primary cause of necrosis in most cases?
- Inflammation
- Hypoxia
- Loss of blood supply (correct)
- Apoptosis
Necrosis is a reversible process.
Necrosis is a reversible process.
False (B)
What is the term for a lack of blood supply to an area?
What is the term for a lack of blood supply to an area?
Ischemia
Necrosis can be caused by a _______________________ in blood supply.
Necrosis can be caused by a _______________________ in blood supply.
Match the terms with their definitions:
Match the terms with their definitions:
Necrosis can be caused by hypoxia.
Necrosis can be caused by hypoxia.
What is the process of cellular suicide that eliminates cells that are no longer needed or damaged beyond repair?
What is the process of cellular suicide that eliminates cells that are no longer needed or damaged beyond repair?
Necrosis is a form of cellular suicide.
Necrosis is a form of cellular suicide.
What is the name of the enzyme that can be used for diagnosing myocardial infarction?
What is the name of the enzyme that can be used for diagnosing myocardial infarction?
Karyorrhexis is a type of cellular death that involves the fragmentation of the ___________.
Karyorrhexis is a type of cellular death that involves the fragmentation of the ___________.
Match the following types of cellular death with their descriptions:
Match the following types of cellular death with their descriptions:
Coagulative necrosis is a type of cellular death that involves the formation of a blood clot.
Coagulative necrosis is a type of cellular death that involves the formation of a blood clot.
What is the name of the enzyme that can be used for diagnosing pancreatic disorders?
What is the name of the enzyme that can be used for diagnosing pancreatic disorders?
What is the primary difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
What is the primary difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
What type of apoptosis occurs when cells are damaged, especially when the damage affects the cell's DNA or proteins?
What type of apoptosis occurs when cells are damaged, especially when the damage affects the cell's DNA or proteins?
Physiologic apoptosis occurs during the development of organisms, such as replacement of cells in primordial tissues.
Physiologic apoptosis occurs during the development of organisms, such as replacement of cells in primordial tissues.
What is the term for the process of cell death during embryonic development, where cells are replaced by mature tissues?
What is the term for the process of cell death during embryonic development, where cells are replaced by mature tissues?
Liquefactive necrosis is a type of cell death that occurs in the _______________, as shown in Figure 1.4.
Liquefactive necrosis is a type of cell death that occurs in the _______________, as shown in Figure 1.4.
Match the following types of apoptosis with their descriptions:
Match the following types of apoptosis with their descriptions:
Apoptosis is a process of cell death that occurs in response to DNA damage or other cellular stresses.
Apoptosis is a process of cell death that occurs in response to DNA damage or other cellular stresses.
What is the term for the process of cell death that occurs in response to immune responses or foreign agents?
What is the term for the process of cell death that occurs in response to immune responses or foreign agents?
What is the term for the process of cell death that occurs in the bone marrow and thymus?
What is the term for the process of cell death that occurs in the bone marrow and thymus?
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Necrosis is a reversible process.
Necrosis is a reversible process.
What is the result of necrosis on the cell membrane?
What is the result of necrosis on the cell membrane?
Necrosis is often referred to as an _______________ cell death.
Necrosis is often referred to as an _______________ cell death.
Match the following characteristics with the type of cell death:
Match the following characteristics with the type of cell death:
Apoptosis is a natural part of development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
Apoptosis is a natural part of development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
What is the result of necrosis on the cell nucleus?
What is the result of necrosis on the cell nucleus?
What is the result of necrosis on the surrounding tissue?
What is the result of necrosis on the surrounding tissue?
What is the result of increased mitochondrial permeability?
What is the result of increased mitochondrial permeability?
Caspase-9 is an enzyme that promotes cell growth.
Caspase-9 is an enzyme that promotes cell growth.
What is the role of caspase-9 in the apoptotic cascade?
What is the role of caspase-9 in the apoptotic cascade?
The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria leads to the activation of ___________________.
The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria leads to the activation of ___________________.
Match the following cellular structures with their roles in apoptosis:
Match the following cellular structures with their roles in apoptosis:
What is the result of caspase activation during apoptosis?
What is the result of caspase activation during apoptosis?
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in the cell?
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in the cell?
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death.
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death.
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Study Notes
Necrosis and Apoptosis
- Necrosis and apoptosis are two main forms of cell death, differing in causes, mechanisms, and functional consequences.
- Necrosis is a form of cell death characterized by irreversible phase, cumulation of loss of plasma membrane integrity, and breakdown of the nucleus, leading to inflammatory responses.
- Apoptosis, on the other hand, is a form of cellular suicide, eliminating cells that are no longer needed or are damaged beyond repair, without eliciting an inflammatory response.
Characteristics of Necrosis
- Necrosis is characterized by severe morphological changes, including loss of plasma membrane integrity, breakdown of the nucleus, and release of cellular contents.
- In coagulative necrosis, the underlying tissue architecture is preserved, with the dead cells being replaced by a fibrin-rich meshwork.
- Necrosis can be caused by various factors, including ischemia, hypoxia, or exposure to toxins.
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death, which occurs in response to specific signals, such as DNA damage or growth factor withdrawal.
- During apoptosis, cells undergo a series of changes, including condensation of chromatin, fragmentation of the nucleus, and blebbing of the plasma membrane.
- Apoptosis plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including development, immune response, and tissue homeostasis.
Physiological Roles of Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is essential for the elimination of unwanted cells during development, such as the formation of the digits in the hand.
- It also plays a role in the immune response, where it helps to eliminate infected cells or cells that are no longer needed.
- Apoptosis is involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis, where it helps to eliminate damaged or unwanted cells.
Molecular Mechanisms of Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is regulated by a complex interplay of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors.
- The BCL-2 family of proteins, including BAK and BAX, play a crucial role in the regulation of apoptosis.
- Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases, are key effectors of apoptosis, and are activated by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria.
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