Cell Death Mechanisms and NETosis Quiz
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Cell Death Mechanisms and NETosis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What characteristic of mitotic figures distinguishes normal cells from tumor cells?

  • Normal cells have irregularities in their mitosis.
  • Normal cells display multipolar mitoses.
  • Tumor cells exhibit controlled cell division.
  • Tumor cells have abnormal mitotic figures. (correct)

    • Which statement correctly describes the role of mitochondria in tumor cells?

  • They have a typical structure like normal cells.
  • They exhibit reduced numbers compared to normal cells.
  • They rely more on glycolysis for energy production. (correct)
  • They primarily use oxidative phosphorylation for energy.

    • What is a known effect of genetic mutations in proto-oncogenes?

  • They enable normal cellular function.
  • They promote excessive cell growth and proliferation. (correct)
  • They restrict cell growth and division.
  • They convert them into tumor suppressor genes.

    • How does the Golgi apparatus function in tumor cells?

    <p>It is fragmented and promotes cell migration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of tumor suppressor genes?

    <p>TP53 and RB1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in the mitochondria of tumor cells compared to normal cells?

    <p>They have altered structures and increased numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in the protein secretion function of the Golgi apparatus in tumor cells?

    <p>It promotes proteins that aid in invasion and metastasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the mutation of proto-oncogenes have on cellular behavior?

    <p>It leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of NETosis?

    <p>Release of DNA fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell death is characterized by inflammation and cell rupture?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes NETosis from other forms of cell death?

    <p>It releases DNA traps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a trigger for necrosis?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pyroptosis differ from apoptosis?

    <p>It involves cell lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell death is associated with a controlled process?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can excessive NETosis lead to?

    <p>Inflammatory and autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of both necroptosis and necrosis?

    <p>Cell rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the p53 tumor suppressor gene?

    <p>To induce apoptosis in response to DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the overexpression of BCL-2 affect cancer cells?

    <p>It prevents apoptosis and contributes to cell survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about kinases is true?

    <p>Kinases transfer phosphate groups to activate pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play in cancer?

    <p>They are often mutated or overexpressed, causing constant growth signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways is frequently hyperactivated in cancer?

    <p>RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an oncogene?

    <p>A mutated form of proto-oncogenes that drive cancer development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impacts do EGFR and ALK mutations have on cancer cells?

    <p>They lead to constant activation of growth-promoting pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature characterizes the dysregulation of kinase signaling pathways in cancer?

    <p>Uncontrolled cell proliferation and survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of combining tyrosine kinase inhibitors with other treatments?

    <p>To enhance treatment efficacy by targeting multiple pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can cancer cells develop resistance to combination therapies?

    <p>Through changes in the tumor microenvironment such as hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does personalized medicine utilize to tailor cancer treatments?

    <p>Genomic profiling of patient's tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of genetic instability in cancer cells?

    <p>Development of new mutations that can reduce treatment effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mutation can prevent EGFR inhibitors from binding effectively to cancer cells?

    <p>T790M mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy might cancer cells use to bypass inhibited pathways?

    <p>Activate alternative signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for combination therapies?

    <p>They enhance efficacy by targeting multiple biological pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of personalized medicine in cancer treatment?

    <p>Cancer cells can develop new mutations rendering treatments less effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

    <p>Chronic acid reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is considered a significant risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma?

    <p>Barrett’s esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of metaplasia is associated with chronic smoking in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Columnar to squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cervical dysplasia?

    <p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical relevance is associated with cervical dysplasia?

    <p>It can progress to invasive cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer risk is increased due to smoking-induced metaplasia in the lung?

    <p>Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common detection method for cervical dysplasia?

    <p>Pap smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of early detection and treatment in cervical dysplasia?

    <p>It can prevent progression to invasive cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    NETosis

    • Involves neutrophils releasing DNA fibers loaded with antimicrobial proteins, forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
    • Traps and kills pathogens
    • Excessive NETosis can contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases

    Cell Death Mechanisms

    • Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death, involves inflammation
    • Apoptosis is programmed cell death, is controlled and non-inflammatory
    • Necroptosis is programmed cell death, similar to apoptosis but involves cell rupture and inflammation
    • Pyroptosis is inflammatory programmed cell death, involves cell lysis
    • NETosis is specific to neutrophils, involves the release of DNA traps

    Causes of Cell Death

    • Infection: Pathogens can directly damage cells or trigger an excessive immune response
    • Physical Injury: Trauma disrupts the cell membrane leading to death
    • Toxins: Harmful chemicals damage cellular components, causing necrosis
    • Ischemia: Lack of blood supply deprives cells of oxygen and nutrients, causing necrosis

    Cytology: Normal vs. Tumour Cells

    • Mitotic Figures: Normal cells have controlled cell division, tumour cells exhibit abnormal mitotic figures indicating uncontrolled division
    • Mitochondria: Normal cells have typical mitochondria, tumour cells have altered mitochondria with increased numbers, relying more on glycolysis for energy
    • Golgi Apparatus: Golgi apparatus functions normally in protein modification and secretion in normal cells, while it is fragmented with increased secretion of proteins in tumour cells

    Cellular Basis of Neoplastic Transformation

    • Genetic Mutations: Mutations in proto-oncogenes convert them into oncogenes, promoting excessive cell growth and proliferation; mutations in tumour suppressor genes removes the inhibitory controls on cell growth
    • Oncogenes: RAS and MYC are examples
    • Tumour Suppressor Genes: TP53 and RB1 are examples

    Cellular Basis of Transformation: Specific Examples

    • Barrett's Esophagus: Chronic acid reflux can cause Barrett’s esophagus, a predisposition for developing esophageal adenocarcinoma
    • Smoking-Induced Metaplasia: Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke causes the normal columnar epithelium of the bronchi to transform into squamous epithelium, increasing the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

    Dysplasia

    • Cervical Dysplasia: Abnormal growth and development of cells on the surface of the cervix, often detected through a Pap smear; caused by HPV infection, can range from mild to severe
    • p53: A tumor suppressor gene that plays a key role in inducing apoptosis in response to DNA damage, mutations are common in cancers.
    • Anti-apoptotic Proteins: Overexpression of proteins like BCL-2 can prevent apoptosis, contributing to the survival and accumulation of cancer cells.

    Kinase Signaling Pathways in Cancer

    • Kinases are enzymes that transfer phosphate groups to other proteins, activating signaling pathways that control cell growth and survival
    • Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs): Often mutated or overexpressed in cancers, leading to constant activation of growth signals
    • RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT Pathways: Frequently hyperactivated in cancer, promoting uncontrolled cell proliferation and survival.

    Oncogene Activation in Cancer

    • EGFR and ALK Mutations: Lead to constant activation of signaling pathways that promote cell growth and survival in cancers like non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
    • EGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase

    Cancer Therapies

    • Combination Therapies: Combining tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with immunotherapy or chemotherapy enhances treatment efficacy by targeting multiple pathways simultaneously
    • Personalized Medicine: Uses genomic profiling to tailor treatments to the specific genetic mutations present in a patient’s tumor
    • Resistance Mechanisms: Cancer cells can adapt to therapies including changes in the tumour microenvironment, such as hypoxia and immune evasion, and can develop resistance through new mutations

    How Cancer Cells Evade Targeted Treatments

    • Genetic Mutations: Cancer cells can acquire new mutations that alter the target of the therapy
    • Activation of Bypass Pathways: Cancer cells can activate alternative signaling pathways to continue proliferating
    • Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: Aiming therapies to influence the tumor microenvironment might be an approach to overcome resistance.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the various mechanisms of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, and NETosis. This quiz covers the intricacies of neutrophil function, the implications of excessive NETosis, and the causes of cell death. Challenge yourself to understand how these processes contribute to health and disease.

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