18 Questions
What happens when a proto-oncogene mutates or becomes overactive?
It transforms into an oncogene, causing cells to divide out of control.
How can gene variants/mutations contribute to proto-oncogenes becoming oncogenes?
By activating proto-oncogenes.
Which process can turn on proto-oncogenes without altering the gene sequence?
Epigenetic changes
What is the role of tumor suppressor genes in cell growth?
Preventing cell growth and division
Which component is critical for proto-oncogenes to function as 'gas pedals' in cell growth?
Cyclin B
How does the activation of MPF influence the cell cycle progression?
It initiates entry into mitosis from G2 phase.
What type of mutation involves big rearrangements of DNA segments, like genetic remodelling projects?
Large-scale mutations
Which type of small-scale mutation involves adding or removing nucleotide pairs, similar to editing a sentence by adding or deleting words?
Insertions
In a substitution mutation, what happens when a single nucleotide pair is changed in the genetic code?
It may not affect the amino acid encoded
What type of mutation does not change the protein's appearance but may transform one codon into another that still codes for the same amino acid?
Silent mutations
Which type of small-scale mutation might result in a protein with a new amino acid that behaves similarly to the old one?
Missense mutations
Imagine a mutation where one codon is changed into another that codes for a different amino acid. This is an example of:
Missense mutation
What is the consequence of a frameshift mutation near the end of a gene?
The resulting protein is likely to be nonfunctional
How do insertions and deletions outside of coding regions impact gene expression?
They still significantly shape how genes function
In sickle-cell disease, what specific type of mutation occurs in the DNA?
Point mutation
What is the consequence of the mutation in the beta-globin gene in sickle-cell disease?
It alters the amino acid sequence in the hemoglobin protein
What happens when altered hemoglobin in sickle-cell disease encounters low oxygen levels?
It forms long, rigid fibers
How does a premature termination occur in relation to nonsense mutations?
When incorrect codons are grouped after an insertion or deletion
Test your knowledge on cell cycle regulators like Ras, MYC, and Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF). Learn about the components of MPF, including Cyclin B and Cdk1, and how their activation transitions cells from G2 phase to M phase (mitosis).
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