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Cell Cycle Overview Quiz
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Cell Cycle Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the cell cycle primarily involve?

  • Replication of RNA
  • Production of hormones
  • Breaking down of organelles
  • Events leading to cell maturity and division (correct)

    • During which phase does DNA replication occur?

  • G1 Phase
  • M Phase
  • S Phase (correct)
  • G2 Phase

    • What is the significance of the G1/S checkpoint?

  • It determines if the cell is ready to divide. (correct)
  • It triggers cytokinesis.
  • It initiates the breakdown of the nucleus.
  • It marks the end of mitosis.

    • What structure is duplicated during the S phase to assist in chromosome movement?

    <p>Centrosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of mitosis?

    <p>Formation of two identical nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cytokinesis?

    <p>Division of the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleotide pairs with Adenine during DNA replication?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sister chromatids play in cell division?

    <p>Ensure identical copies of DNA are distributed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>RNA and proteins required for organelles are produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase is characterized by a cell being in a quiescent state?

    <p>G0 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration for a human cell to complete the cell cycle?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the cell cycle checkpoints?

    <p>The cell can be stopped until conditions are favorable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase do cells in early frog embryos predominantly spend their time in?

    <p>S and M phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell typically grow larger?

    <p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of the G2 phase?

    <p>Spindle formation proteins are synthesized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about G0 phase cells is true?

    <p>They remain inactive until signaled to divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication and the formation of histone proteins?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the cell replenish its energy stores and synthesize proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation?

    <p>G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the G1 phase in the cell cycle?

    <p>To detect DNA damage and assess nutrient levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phrase describes the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>DNA is replicated but chromosome counting does not change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase does DNA repair occur to fix breaks or damages present after replication?

    <p>G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does mitosis serve in multicellular organisms?

    <p>It facilitates growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term was coined by Walther Flemming to describe the process of chromosomal division?

    <p>Karyokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major role of mitosis in tissue repair?

    <p>To replace lost or damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a form of asexual reproduction that uses mitosis?

    <p>Vegetative reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mitosis in the immune system?

    <p>It helps lymphocytes divide quickly in response to infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis involves the condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mitosis contribute to developmental plasticity?

    <p>By allowing single cells to differentiate into specialized types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during prometaphase of mitosis?

    <p>The nuclear envelope completely breaks down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of accurate mitotic division concerning genetic consistency?

    <p>It allows for equal segregation of genetic material into daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if the regulatory mechanisms of mitosis fail?

    <p>Uncontrolled cell division may lead to cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms between the two centrosomes during prophase?

    <p>Mitotic spindle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of kinetochores during metaphase?

    <p>To serve as attachment points for spindle microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During anaphase, what significant event occurs?

    <p>Sister chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes what happens during telophase?

    <p>Chromosomes begin to decondense back into chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cytokinesis?

    <p>To divide the cytoplasm and form two daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a distinction between mitosis in plant cells and animal cells?

    <p>Plant cells lack centrosomes containing centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to spindle microtubules during anaphase?

    <p>They shorten to pull chromatids apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by kinetochores being under tension during metaphase?

    <p>That proper bipolar attachment has occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary structure is responsible for spindle formation in animal cells?

    <p>Centrosomes containing a pair of centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Cycle

    • The cell cycle is a series of events that lead to cell maturity and division.
    • The core stages are interphase, where the cell lives or prepares for division, and mitosis (M phase), where the cell divides itself.
    • Most cells in a multicellular organism are in interphase.

    Interphase

    • Interphase is a period of growth and preparation for division. It is composed of G1, S, and G2 phases.
    • G1 Phase (Gap 1): The cell grows, accumulates energy, and produces proteins needed for DNA replication. This phase marks a checkpoint to determine if the cell is ready to proceed to DNA replication.
    • S Phase (Synthesis): DNA replication takes place, resulting in two identical copies of each chromosome, called sister chromatids. The centrosomes also duplicate here, preparing for mitosis.
    • G2 Phase (Gap 2): The cell replenishes energy stores, synthesizes proteins needed for chromosome manipulation, and duplicates some organelles. Cells also ensure the proper completion of DNA replication prior to mitosis.
    • G0 Phase (Resting Phase): Cells in this phase are not actively preparing to divide. They may re-enter the cell cycle when signaled. Cells that rarely divide usually remain in G0 permanently.

    S Phase: DNA Replication

    • DNA replication is crucial to ensure each daughter cell receives an accurate copy of the parent cell's genetic information.
    • This process is based on complementary base pairing: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.

    Cell Cycle Checkpoints

    • There are internal mechanisms at checkpoints to prevent compromised cells from dividing.
    • These operate near the end of G1, at the G2–M transition, and during metaphase.
    • Checkpoints ensure conditions are favorable before proceeding.

    Mitosis: Stages

    • Prophase: The chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nucleolus fades, the nuclear envelope disintegrates, and the mitotic spindle forms.
    • Prometaphase: The nuclear envelope breaks down completely, spindle microtubules interact with chromosomes, and microtubules move chromosomes towards the center of the cell.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate, each sister chromatid attaching to microtubules from opposite poles. This ensures each new cell receives one copy of each chromosome.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and are pulled toward opposite poles of the cell.
    • Telophase: The chromosomes decondense back into chromatin, nuclear envelopes re-form around each set of chromosomes, and the spindle apparatus disassembles.

    Cytokinesis

    • Cytokinesis follows telophase and involves the division of the cytoplasm.
    • In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms, pinching the cell in two.
    • In plant cells, a cell plate forms, creating two separate cell walls.

    Functions & Importance of Mitosis

    • Growth and Development: Mitosis supports the growth of multicellular organisms from a fertilized egg.
    • Tissue Repair and Regeneration: Mitosis replaces lost or damaged cells in tissues.
    • Asexual Reproduction: In some organisms, mitosis serves as a form of asexual reproduction, creating clones of the original organism.
    • Developmental Plasticity and Cell Differentiation: Mitosis enables a single fertilized egg to become a complex organism with diverse cell types.
    • Immune System Function: Mitosis is essential for the proliferation of lymphocytes, vital to the immune response.
    • Maintenance of Chromosome Number: Mitosis ensures each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the parent cell's genetic material.
    • Genetic Consistency: Mitosis guarantees that all body cells (except gametes) contain the same DNA.
    • Cancer Prevention: Uncontrolled cell division can lead to cancer. Understanding mitosis is crucial for developing cancer treatments and prevention strategies.

    Mitosis in Plant and Animal Cells

    • Both follow the same basic process with some differences:
      • Centrosomes and Spindle Formation: Animal cells have centrosomes with centrioles, which are the organizing centers for spindle formation. Plant cells lack centrioles.

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    Related Documents

    Cell Cycle and Cell Division.pdf

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and mitosis. This quiz assesses your understanding of the processes involved in cell growth, DNA replication, and division. Explore the key phases: G1, S, and G2, and their significance in cellular development.

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