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What distinguishes living things from nonliving matter?
What distinguishes living things from nonliving matter?
In multicellular organisms, cell division is only necessary for growth.
In multicellular organisms, cell division is only necessary for growth.
False
What is the life cycle of a cell called?
What is the life cycle of a cell called?
The cell cycle
In unicellular organisms, division of one cell reproduces the entire ______.
In unicellular organisms, division of one cell reproduces the entire ______.
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Match the following processes with their implications in multicellular organisms:
Match the following processes with their implications in multicellular organisms:
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Which type of cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells?
Which type of cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells?
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Meiosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.
Meiosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.
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What is the basic unit of genetic information that is organized into chromosomes in eukaryotic cells?
What is the basic unit of genetic information that is organized into chromosomes in eukaryotic cells?
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Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of __________, a complex of DNA and protein.
Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of __________, a complex of DNA and protein.
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Match the following concepts related to cell division:
Match the following concepts related to cell division:
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What is the primary function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?
What is the primary function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?
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Cancer cells exhibit density-dependent inhibition.
Cancer cells exhibit density-dependent inhibition.
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What is the term used to describe the process by which a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell?
What is the term used to describe the process by which a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell?
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Benign tumors remain only at the ______ site.
Benign tumors remain only at the ______ site.
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Match the following types of tumors with their characteristics:
Match the following types of tumors with their characteristics:
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Cancer cells may not need which of the following to grow and divide?
Cancer cells may not need which of the following to grow and divide?
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Cancer cells can respond normally to the body's control mechanisms.
Cancer cells can respond normally to the body's control mechanisms.
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What is the term for masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue?
What is the term for masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue?
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What type of cell division do prokaryotes primarily use?
What type of cell division do prokaryotes primarily use?
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All eukaryotic cell divisions are regularly controlled by the same molecular mechanisms.
All eukaryotic cell divisions are regularly controlled by the same molecular mechanisms.
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What happens to the chromosome during binary fission?
What happens to the chromosome during binary fission?
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Cancer cells manage to escape the usual controls on the _________.
Cancer cells manage to escape the usual controls on the _________.
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Match the following stages of the cell cycle with their descriptions:
Match the following stages of the cell cycle with their descriptions:
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What regulates the cell cycle at specific checkpoints?
What regulates the cell cycle at specific checkpoints?
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In mammalian cells, all phases of the cell cycle are driven by the same chemical signals.
In mammalian cells, all phases of the cell cycle are driven by the same chemical signals.
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What does the plasma membrane do during binary fission?
What does the plasma membrane do during binary fission?
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What type of cells in diploid species have two sets of chromosomes?
What type of cells in diploid species have two sets of chromosomes?
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Gametes have the same number of chromosomes as somatic cells.
Gametes have the same number of chromosomes as somatic cells.
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List the two main processes involved in eukaryotic cell division.
List the two main processes involved in eukaryotic cell division.
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During the S phase of interphase, __________ are duplicated.
During the S phase of interphase, __________ are duplicated.
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Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by cell growth and preparation for division?
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by cell growth and preparation for division?
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Match the cell cycle phases to their descriptions:
Match the cell cycle phases to their descriptions:
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Mitosis can be divided into four distinct phases.
Mitosis can be divided into four distinct phases.
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What are sister chromatids?
What are sister chromatids?
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In meiosis, daughter cells have __________ as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
In meiosis, daughter cells have __________ as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
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What structure is described as the narrow 'waist' of a duplicated chromosome?
What structure is described as the narrow 'waist' of a duplicated chromosome?
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At which checkpoint does a cell usually decide to proceed with the rest of the cell cycle?
At which checkpoint does a cell usually decide to proceed with the rest of the cell cycle?
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Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are independent of the variations of cyclin concentrations.
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are independent of the variations of cyclin concentrations.
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What is the non-dividing state that a cell can enter if it does not receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint?
What is the non-dividing state that a cell can enter if it does not receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint?
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The _____ promotes the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase.
The _____ promotes the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase.
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Match the following checkpoint characteristics with their descriptions:
Match the following checkpoint characteristics with their descriptions:
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What type of signals can delay anaphase if kinetochores are not attached?
What type of signals can delay anaphase if kinetochores are not attached?
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Growth factors are proteins that inhibit cell division.
Growth factors are proteins that inhibit cell division.
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Name the two types of regulatory proteins involved in the cell cycle control system.
Name the two types of regulatory proteins involved in the cell cycle control system.
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The Cdk1-cyclin B complex is also known as _____ factor.
The Cdk1-cyclin B complex is also known as _____ factor.
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What happens to a cell at the G1 checkpoint if it does not receive a go-ahead signal?
What happens to a cell at the G1 checkpoint if it does not receive a go-ahead signal?
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Study Notes
Cell Cycle Overview
- Living things reproduce by cell division.
- Cell division is essential for growth, development, and repair in multicellular organisms.
- Cell division in unicellular organisms creates new organisms.
I - The Daughter Cells
- Most cell division produces genetically identical daughter cells.
- Exception: meiosis, which produces gametes (sperm and egg cells).
1.1 - Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material
- All DNA in a cell comprises its genome.
- DNA is packaged into chromosomes.
- Chromosomes consist of chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein.
- Eukaryotic species have a specific number of chromosomes per nucleus.
- Diploid cells have two sets (2n).
- Gametes have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells (n).
1.2 - Distribution of Chromosomes During Eukaryotic Cell Division
- DNA replicates and chromosomes condense before cell division.
- Each duplicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.
- The centromere is the point where sister chromatids attach.
- Sister chromatids separate during cell division.
II - The Cell Cycle
- The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle.
- Walther Flemming developed dyes for observing chromosomes in mitosis.
II.1 - Phases of the Cell Cycle
- The cell cycle consists of mitotic (M) phase and interphase.
- Interphase is about 90% of the cell cycle, divided into G1, S, and G2 phases.
- Chromosomes replicate only during S phase.
II.1 - Phases of the Cell Cycle- Mitosis
- Mitosis is conventionally divided into 5 phases: Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- Cytokinesis typically occurs during late telophase/early interphase
II.2 - The Mitotic Spindle
- The spindle is a microtubule structure that controls chromosome movement during mitosis.
- It is made up of centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and asters.
- During prometaphase, spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores.
- Kinetochores are protein complexes at centromeres.
- Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate during metaphase.
II.2 - The Mitotic Spindle - Anaphase
- Sister chromatids separate.
- Kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling chromatids toward opposite poles, aided by motor proteins.
- Nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen, increasing cell length.
II.3 - Cytokinesis
- In animal cells, cytokinesis involves a cleavage furrow.
- In plant cells, a cell plate forms.
III - Regulation of The Cell Cycle
- The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system.
- Cell cycle frequency varies among cell types.
- Cancer cells lack typical cell controls, leading to uncontrolled cell division.
- Molecular signals are critical in control of the cell cycle and cell division. Checkpoints are important for monitoring phases of the cell cycle.
III.1 - Cell Cycle Control System
- Cell cycle is regulated by internal and external controls at specific checkpoints.
- The cell cycle is similar to a clock.
- The system proceeds on its own but is subject to internal and external signals.
- Specific checkpoints where cell cycle halts unless given a go ahead signal.
- Important checkpoints include G1, G2, and M phases.
III.2 - Loss of Control in Cancer Cells
- Cancer cells typically do not respond normally to body controls on the cell cycle.
- They are characterized by uncontrolled division and loss of typical functional controls like density-dependent inhibition, or anchorage dependence- that prevent continued growth in a tissue.
- They do not respond in a typical way to growth factor concentration, and may even produce their own growth factors, leading to uncontrolled proliferation.
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Description
Test your understanding of the cell cycle and its importance in reproduction, growth, and repair processes. This quiz covers key concepts, including the organization of genetic material and the distribution of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.
