Cell Cycle Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes living things from nonliving matter?

  • Ability to reproduce (correct)
  • Ability to move
  • Ability to grow in size
  • Ability to photosynthesize

In multicellular organisms, cell division is only necessary for growth.

False (B)

What is the life cycle of a cell called?

The cell cycle

In unicellular organisms, division of one cell reproduces the entire ______.

<p>organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their implications in multicellular organisms:

<p>Development = Changes from fertilized cell to mature organism Growth = Increase in size through cell division Repair = Healing of damaged tissues Reproduction = Formation of new cells for offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells?

<p>Binary fission (A), Mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of genetic information that is organized into chromosomes in eukaryotic cells?

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of __________, a complex of DNA and protein.

<p>chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts related to cell division:

<p>Mitosis = Cell division producing identical daughter cells Meiosis = Cell division producing gametes Chromatin = Complex of DNA and protein Genome = Complete set of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?

<p>Stimulates the division of human fibroblast cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cancer cells exhibit density-dependent inhibition.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process by which a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell?

<p>transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Benign tumors remain only at the ______ site.

<p>original</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of tumors with their characteristics:

<p>Benign tumor = Does not invade surrounding tissues Malignant tumor = Can metastasize to other parts of the body Metastasis = Exporting cancer cells to form new tumors Transformation = Conversion of normal cells to cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cancer cells may not need which of the following to grow and divide?

<p>Growth factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cancer cells can respond normally to the body's control mechanisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue?

<p>tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell division do prokaryotes primarily use?

<p>Binary fission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All eukaryotic cell divisions are regularly controlled by the same molecular mechanisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chromosome during binary fission?

<p>The chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes move apart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cancer cells manage to escape the usual controls on the _________.

<p>cell cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of the cell cycle with their descriptions:

<p>G1 phase = Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication S phase = DNA synthesis and replication G2 phase = Preparation for mitosis M phase = Mitosis and cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regulates the cell cycle at specific checkpoints?

<p>Chemical signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In mammalian cells, all phases of the cell cycle are driven by the same chemical signals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the plasma membrane do during binary fission?

<p>The plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell into two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells in diploid species have two sets of chromosomes?

<p>Somatic cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gametes have the same number of chromosomes as somatic cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the two main processes involved in eukaryotic cell division.

<p>Mitosis and cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the S phase of interphase, __________ are duplicated.

<p>chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by cell growth and preparation for division?

<p>Interphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cell cycle phases to their descriptions:

<p>G1 = First gap and cell growth S = Synthesis and chromosome duplication G2 = Second gap and preparation for mitosis M = Division of the nucleus and cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis can be divided into four distinct phases.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sister chromatids?

<p>Joined copies of the original chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

In meiosis, daughter cells have __________ as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

<p>half</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is described as the narrow 'waist' of a duplicated chromosome?

<p>Centromere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which checkpoint does a cell usually decide to proceed with the rest of the cell cycle?

<p>G1 checkpoint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are independent of the variations of cyclin concentrations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the non-dividing state that a cell can enter if it does not receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint?

<p>G0 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ promotes the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase.

<p>maturation-promoting factor (MPF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following checkpoint characteristics with their descriptions:

<p>G1 checkpoint = Primary checkpoint for cell growth G2 checkpoint = Checks for DNA integrity before mitosis M phase checkpoint = Ensures proper attachment of kinetochores G0 phase = State where the cell is non-dividing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of signals can delay anaphase if kinetochores are not attached?

<p>Internal signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Growth factors are proteins that inhibit cell division.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two types of regulatory proteins involved in the cell cycle control system.

<p>cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Cdk1-cyclin B complex is also known as _____ factor.

<p>maturation-promoting (MPF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell at the G1 checkpoint if it does not receive a go-ahead signal?

<p>It exits the cycle to G0 phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell division

The process by which cells reproduce, essential for life's continuity.

Cell cycle

The life cycle of a cell, from its formation to its division.

Unicellular organisms

Organisms consisting of a single cell; cell division reproduces the entire organism.

Multicellular organisms

Organisms composed of many cells; rely on cell division for development, growth, and repair.

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Cell division in development

Cell division is crucial for growth of a multicellular organism from a fertilized egg.

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Cell division and repair

Cell division is essential for replacing damaged or worn-out cells in multicellular organisms.

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PDGF

Platelet-derived growth factor, a protein that stimulates the division of fibroblast cells.

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Density-dependent inhibition

A process where crowded cells stop dividing.

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Anchorage dependence

Cells need to be attached to a surface to divide.

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Cancer cells and cell cycle

Cancer cells ignore normal cell cycle controls, don't respond to body's controls, and may not need growth factors to divide.

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Transformation

Process of converting a normal cell to a cancerous cell.

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Benign tumor

Abnormal cell mass that remains in the original location.

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Malignant tumor

Cancerous tumor that invades surrounding tissues and can metastasize.

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Metastasis

Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body to form new tumors.

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Daughter Cells

Cells that result from cell division, typically genetically identical.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division producing gametes (e.g., sperm, eggs) with different genetic information.

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Genome

All DNA in a cell.

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Chromosome

Structure containing DNA and proteins.

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Chromatin

Complex of DNA and proteins that condenses during cell division.

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Eukaryotic chromosomes

Chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells; consist of chromatin.

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Prokaryotic cells

Cells with a single DNA molecule.

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Eukaryotic cells

Cells with multiple DNA molecules, packaged into chromosomes.

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Binary Fission

A type of cell division used by prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) to reproduce. The chromosome replicates, then the two copies move apart.

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Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Regulation

The frequency of cell division in eukaryotic cells is controlled by specific molecular signals.

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Cell Cycle Control System

A system that regulates the sequential events of the eukaryotic cell cycle, like a clock.

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Cell Cycle Checkpoints

Specific points in the cell cycle where the cycle pauses until a go-ahead signal is received.

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Cancer and Cell Cycle Control

Cancer cells evade the usual controls on the cell cycle.

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Cell Cycle Control System

A system that regulates the cell cycle, proceeding like a built-in clock, but subject to internal and external controls at checkpoints.

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G1 Checkpoint

A crucial checkpoint in the cell cycle where a cell receives a signal to proceed or exit.

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G0 Phase

A non-dividing state for cells that don't receive the go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint.

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Cyclins

Regulatory proteins in cell cycle control whose concentration fluctuates during the cycle.

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Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (Cdks)

Regulatory proteins whose activity is controlled by cyclins, and fluctuate during the cell cycle.

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MPF (Maturation-Promoting Factor)

A complex of Cdk1 and cyclin B, triggering the cell's progression from G2 to M phase.

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Internal Signals (Cell Cycle)

Cell cycle control signals that come from within the cell, for example, signals from kinetochores

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External Signals (Cell Cycle)

Signals from outside the cell, such as growth factors that stimulate cell division.

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Growth Factors

Proteins released by cells that promote the division of other cells.

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Diploid Species Somatic Cells

Somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) in diploid species have two sets of chromosomes (2n).

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Diploid Species Gametes

Gametes (reproductive cells like sperm and eggs) have half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells (n).

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Sister Chromatids

Duplicated chromosomes have two identical halves, joined copies of the original chromosome called sister chromatids.

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Centromere

The centromere is the narrow waist where sister chromatids are most closely attached.

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Mitosis

The division of the genetic material (DNA) in the nucleus of a cell.

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Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm that occurs after the nucleus divides.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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Interphase

The stage in the cell cycle where the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division.

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G1 Phase

The first gap phase, part of interphase, during which the cell grows.

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S Phase

The synthesis phase, part of interphase, where chromosomes are duplicated.

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G2 Phase

The second gap phase, part of interphase, where the cell continues to grow and prepare for division.

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Prophase

The first stage of mitosis, where chromosomes condense and become visible.

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Prometaphase

Second stage of mitosis. Chromosomes begin moving to the middle of the cell.

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Metaphase

Third stage of mitosis, where chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.

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Anaphase

Fourth stage of mitosis, where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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Telophase

Fifth stage of mitosis, where new nuclei form around the separated chromosomes.

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Study Notes

Cell Cycle Overview

  • Living things reproduce by cell division.
  • Cell division is essential for growth, development, and repair in multicellular organisms.
  • Cell division in unicellular organisms creates new organisms.

I - The Daughter Cells

  • Most cell division produces genetically identical daughter cells.
  • Exception: meiosis, which produces gametes (sperm and egg cells).

1.1 - Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material

  • All DNA in a cell comprises its genome.
  • DNA is packaged into chromosomes.
  • Chromosomes consist of chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein.
  • Eukaryotic species have a specific number of chromosomes per nucleus.
    • Diploid cells have two sets (2n).
    • Gametes have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells (n).

1.2 - Distribution of Chromosomes During Eukaryotic Cell Division

  • DNA replicates and chromosomes condense before cell division.
  • Each duplicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.
  • The centromere is the point where sister chromatids attach.
  • Sister chromatids separate during cell division.

II - The Cell Cycle

  • The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle.
  • Walther Flemming developed dyes for observing chromosomes in mitosis.

II.1 - Phases of the Cell Cycle

  • The cell cycle consists of mitotic (M) phase and interphase.
  • Interphase is about 90% of the cell cycle, divided into G1, S, and G2 phases.
  • Chromosomes replicate only during S phase.

II.1 - Phases of the Cell Cycle- Mitosis

  • Mitosis is conventionally divided into 5 phases: Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
  • Cytokinesis typically occurs during late telophase/early interphase

II.2 - The Mitotic Spindle

  • The spindle is a microtubule structure that controls chromosome movement during mitosis.
  • It is made up of centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and asters.
  • During prometaphase, spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores.
  • Kinetochores are protein complexes at centromeres.
  • Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate during metaphase.

II.2 - The Mitotic Spindle - Anaphase

  • Sister chromatids separate.
  • Kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling chromatids toward opposite poles, aided by motor proteins.
  • Nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen, increasing cell length.

II.3 - Cytokinesis

  • In animal cells, cytokinesis involves a cleavage furrow.
  • In plant cells, a cell plate forms.

III - Regulation of The Cell Cycle

  • The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system.
  • Cell cycle frequency varies among cell types.
  • Cancer cells lack typical cell controls, leading to uncontrolled cell division.
  • Molecular signals are critical in control of the cell cycle and cell division. Checkpoints are important for monitoring phases of the cell cycle.

III.1 - Cell Cycle Control System

  • Cell cycle is regulated by internal and external controls at specific checkpoints.
  • The cell cycle is similar to a clock.
  • The system proceeds on its own but is subject to internal and external signals.
  • Specific checkpoints where cell cycle halts unless given a go ahead signal.
  • Important checkpoints include G1, G2, and M phases.

III.2 - Loss of Control in Cancer Cells

  • Cancer cells typically do not respond normally to body controls on the cell cycle.
  • They are characterized by uncontrolled division and loss of typical functional controls like density-dependent inhibition, or anchorage dependence- that prevent continued growth in a tissue.
  • They do not respond in a typical way to growth factor concentration, and may even produce their own growth factors, leading to uncontrolled proliferation.

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BIO211 - USEK 2024-2025 The Cell Cycle PDF

Description

Test your understanding of the cell cycle and its importance in reproduction, growth, and repair processes. This quiz covers key concepts, including the organization of genetic material and the distribution of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.

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