Cell Cycle Overview Quiz

The regulated sequence of events that occurs between one cell division and the next; a continuous process.

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows & carries out its normal functions.

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell's nucleus divides.

The phase of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm divides, creating two daughter cells.

The phase of interphase when the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication.

The phase of interphase when the cell replicates its DNA.

The phase of interphase when the cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis.

Chemical signals that regulate the progression of the cell cycle.

A dye used to stain chromosomes a deep purple, making them visible under a microscope.

The process of gently squashing a stained root tip on a glass slide to spread out cells for viewing under a microscope.

The process of cell division that produces two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell.

The first stage of mitosis, where chromosomes condense and become visible.

The second stage of mitosis, where chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.

The third stage of mitosis, where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

The final stage of mitosis, where the nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes at each pole, leaving the cytoplasm to divide.

The division of the cytoplasm that occurs after nuclear division.

Asexual reproduction is a process where a single parent organism produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself.

A form of nuclear division that produces four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell.

The first division of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes pair up and then separate.

The second division of meiosis, where sister chromatids separate.

The stage of meiosis I where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material.

The stage of meiosis I where paired chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.

The stage of meiosis I where homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

The process by which non-sister chromatids exchange alleles during meiosis I, resulting in new combinations of alleles on chromosomes.

The random alignment of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I, leading to different combinations of alleles in daughter cells.

The fusion of any male gamete with any female gamete during fertilization, creating unique combinations of alleles in zygotes.

The stage in Meiosis II where nuclear membranes form around each group of chromosomes and the cytoplasm divides, creating four haploid cells.

The specialized cells in multicellular organisms that have specific adaptations to carry out their specific functions.

The adaptations that help specialized cells carry out their functions, such as the shape of the cell and the organelles it possesses.

The organelle responsible for protein production, found in abundance in cells that make large amounts of proteins.

Red blood cells, specialized for oxygen transport, with a biconcave shape to increase surface area for oxygen absorption.

The process that increases genetic diversity in offspring, making them better adapted to changing environments.

A cell that can develop into any type of cell in the body, including extra-embryonic cells (placenta).

A cell that can develop into any type of cell in the body, but not extra-embryonic cells.

A cell that can develop into a limited number of cell types.

The process by which stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into various blood cells.

The process of forming erythrocytes.

White blood cells, a type of immune cell that fights infections.

Stem cell therapy involves introducing adult stem cells into damaged tissue to treat diseases or injuries.

The process of cell differentiation, where cells become more specialized and lose the ability to divide.

A crucial checkpoint in the cell cycle, during which the cell assesses if all chromosomes have been replicated correctly. If errors are found, the cycle is halted until repairs are made.

A checkpoint in the cell cycle that ensures the DNA is undamaged before moving into the S phase. This is crucial to maintain the integrity of the genetic code.

A checkpoint in the cell cycle that assesses if the DNA has been copied correctly and is undamaged before entering mitosis. The cell is delayed until any errors are corrected.

A region in plants where cell division occurs, responsible for growth and development.

A technique used to prepare slides of root tips for microscopic analysis, focusing on mitosis.

A set of structures that move chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis, composed of microtubule fibers.

The point of attachment between two sister chromatids, which divides during anaphase.

A structure in animal cells that helps organize spindle fibers during mitosis, composed of two centrioles.

Proteins that attach to the centromere of chromosomes, allowing them to connect to spindle fibers during mitosis.

Structures that form during mitosis and meiosis to separate chromosomes, composed of microtubules.

Structures that are composed of DNA and proteins, carrying genetic information. During mitosis, each chromosome replicates and splits, forming sister chromatids.

The point where two sister chromatids are attached and where they separate during mitosis.

A checkpoint during mitosis, where the chromosomes are checked and ensured to be correctly attached to spindle fibers before they begin to separate.

The process of copying the DNA in a cell, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information.

The process of creating a new, genetically identical cell by cell division.

The process of cell death that occurs in a controlled and organized manner.

A specialised cell with no top and bottom walls, forming continuous tubes for water transport from roots to leaves. They are dead cells, lacking organelles and cytoplasm, allowing free water movement. Their outer walls are strengthened with lignin, providing plant support.

Living cells forming tubes similar to xylem, responsible for transporting dissolved sugars and amino acids. These cells retain some subcellular structures and are supported by companion cells. They have holes in their end walls (sieve plates) allowing easy flow of materials.

Cells containing layers of fibres that can contract, allowing movement. There are three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

Specialised cells with cilia (hair-like structures) that beat in a coordinated way, moving substances across the surface of tissue. They work with goblet cells to trap and remove harmful substances.

Cells that form a thin, single layer, providing a surface covering for organs like blood vessels and alveoli. This layer allows for easy diffusion of gases due to its thinness and permeability.

Strong and flexible tissue providing support, found in places like the trachea. Tracheal rings made of cartilage keep airways open while allowing breathing movements.

A cell that can divide infinitely, producing more stem cells or specialised cells like blood cells or muscle cells through differentiation.

The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into various cell types.

Stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type in an embryo, including extra-embryonic cells like those forming the placenta.

A cell that can differentiate into any cell type found in an adult organism.

Red blood cells are specialized to transport oxygen around the body.

Red blood cells are biconcave discs, increasing their surface area for efficient oxygen absorption.

Red blood cells lack a nucleus, maximizing space for oxygen-carrying hemoglobin.

Red blood cells have elastic membranes for flexibility in squeezing through narrow capillaries.

Neutrophils are specialized white blood cells that destroy pathogens through phagocytosis and enzyme secretion.

Neutrophils have a flexible shape, allowing them to squeeze through capillary walls and engulf pathogens.

Neutrophils contain a high number of lysosomes filled with digestive enzymes for breaking down pathogens.

Sperm cells are motile, using their tails to move towards the egg for fertilization.

The head of a sperm cell contains a haploid nucleus carrying half the genetic information from the father.

The acrosome in the sperm cell's head contains enzymes that break down the egg's outer layer for fertilization.

The midpiece of a sperm cell is packed with mitochondria for energy production to power tail movement.

Root hair cells are specialized plant cells that absorb water and mineral ions from the soil.

Root hair cells have a large surface area to maximize water and mineral ion absorption.

Root hair cells have thin walls to reduce the distance for water and mineral ion movement.

Ciliated epithelial cells are specialized to move substances across tissue surfaces.

The process by which a cell engulfs a foreign body such as a bacteria or a virus

A flexible shape and a flexible nuclear membrane that allows neutrophils to squeeze through capillary walls and form pseudopodia

Lysosomes containing digestive enzymes that destroy invading cells.

A meristematic tissue located between xylem and phloem in the stems and roots of plants, which produces new xylem and phloem cells.

The process by which stem cells in the cambium differentiate into specialized xylem or phloem cells.

The loss of cytoplasm, deposition of lignin in cell walls, and loss of end cell walls that occurs during xylem cell differentiation.

The loss of some cytoplasm and organelles, and development of sieve plates at the ends of cells, that occurs during phloem cell differentiation.

Stem cells found in specific tissues of the body, such as bone marrow and brain, that can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types.

The structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA), controlling the activities of the cell

A region within the nucleus where ribosomes are made

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, controlling the movement of molecules in and out

Organelles responsible for cellular respiration, converting glucose into ATP.

Small, membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes.

Organelles that carry out photosynthesis in plants and some bacteria.

A phospholipid bilayer that regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Bundles of microtubules involved in cell division and the formation of cilia and flagella.

A rigid structure that provides support and protection to the cell.

Tail-like structures made of microtubules that help propel cells forward.

Finger-like projections on the surface of some cells that help with movement.

A large, fluid-filled sac that stores cell sap and other materials.

The process of protein synthesis, involving ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

A network of protein fibers that provides support and structure to the cell.

Organisms lacking a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Organisms with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

A type of light microscope that uses lasers to create a sharp, detailed image.

The ability of a microscope to distinguish between two closely spaced objects.

How much larger an image appears compared to the actual object. Higher magnification means the image is more enlarged.

A type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons to produce high-resolution images. It can view very small structures like organelles.

A type of electron microscope that produces 3D images of surfaces. It's used to examine the details of cell surfaces and structures.

A type of electron microscope that produces 2D images of internal structures. It provides very high resolution but requires thin, dead samples.

A ruler placed in the microscope's eyepiece to measure the size of objects.

A ruler placed on the microscope stage with known divisions. It's used to calibrate the eyepiece graticule.

A technique used to increase the contrast of cells by staining their components. This makes certain cell structures more visible.

The process of adjusting the focus of a microscope to bring the specimen into clear view. This involves using the coarse and fine adjustment knobs.