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During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

What is the primary reason a cell might divide due to its surface area to volume ratio?

Which of the following correctly orders the stages of mitosis?

What is the main event that characterizes anaphase of mitosis?

In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate?

Which of the following is NOT a primary purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

Where would you expect to find active mitosis in plants?

What is the function of centrosomes in animal cell mitosis?

How does cytokinesis differ in plant cells compared to animal cells?

What is the state of DNA during interphase?

A cell with 20 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?

What is the term for a mass of cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division?

Which characteristic distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?

What is angiogenesis in the context of cancer?

Carcinomas are cancers that originate in:

Which type of cancer affects blood, lymphatic, and immune systems?

BRCA1 mutations are a known risk factor for which type of cancer?

Which conventional cancer treatment involves the physical removal of a tumor?

What is a major side effect of chemotherapy, resulting from its effect on rapidly dividing normal cells?

Radiotherapy works by:

Which of the following is an example of a lifestyle modification recommended for cancer prevention?

Why is early detection through regular cancer screenings important?

Consider a cell that has just completed DNA replication but has not yet begun to condense its chromosomes. In which phase of the cell cycle is this cell?

If a drug prevents the formation of spindle fibers, in which stage of mitosis would the cell be arrested?

A researcher is studying a cell line and observes cells with multiple nuclei within a single plasma membrane. Which process of cell division has likely failed in these cells?

What is the primary function of the S phase within interphase?

How does the state of DNA during interphase facilitate cellular processes?

Which event characterizes the transition from metaphase to anaphase?

What is the role of the mitotic spindle during cell division?

In which stage of mitosis does cytokinesis typically begin?

What cellular component is notably absent during mitosis in plant cells, differentiating their process from that in animal cells?

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of mitosis?

Where is mitosis most likely to be observed in a plant?

What is the immediate consequence of a cell losing its ability to properly regulate mitosis?

What cellular process is directly responsible for the formation of a new cell wall during cytokinesis in plant cells?

What fundamental characteristic distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells?

Which process allows cancer cells to spread to other parts of the body, characterizing a malignant tumor?

What is the primary role of angiogenesis in cancer development?

If a patient is diagnosed with leukemia, which body systems are primarily affected by this type of cancer?

Which environmental factor is a known carcinogen that increases the risk of various cancers?

What is a significant misconception about cancer that can negatively impact treatment approaches?

Why does chemotherapy often result in side effects such as hair loss and nausea?

What is the primary mechanism by which radiotherapy works to combat cancer?

Which lifestyle modification is most effective in preventing a wide range of cancers?

How does early detection of cancer through regular screenings improve treatment outcomes?

A researcher observes a cell undergoing mitosis, but the chromosomes fail to align correctly at the metaphase plate. Which protein complex is most likely malfunctioning?

A scientist discovers a novel drug that arrests the cell cycle by preventing the degradation of securin. Which phase would cells likely be blocked in?

Following exposure to a mutagen, a cell continues through the cell cycle despite having damaged DNA. Which checkpoint has most likely failed?

In a population of cancer cells, researchers notice an increased expression of telomerase. What is the most likely effect of this increased telomerase activity on the cancer cells?

A researcher is studying a new drug that is designed to target and disrupt microtubules specifically in eukaryotic cells. If successful, which cellular process would be MOST directly affected?

What is the primary event that occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell?

Which of the following events occurs during prophase?

If a cell has a low surface area to volume ratio, what is the most likely outcome?

What is the role of the cell plate during cytokinesis in plant cells?

What is the result of mitosis?

Which of the following is a primary function of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

In animal cells, where does active mitosis frequently occur, supporting cell renewal and tissue maintenance?

If a cell fails to pass the G2 checkpoint before mitosis, what is the most likely outcome?

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of the mitotic spindle. At which stage of mitosis would this cell be arrested?

What is the hallmark characteristic of cancer cells that distinguishes them from normal cells?

What process enables cancer cells to spread from a primary tumor to other parts of the body?

Which type of cancer originates in the epithelial cells that cover organs, glands, and skin?

What is the role of angiogenesis in cancer development?

Which of the following is a known environmental carcinogen?

Why does chemotherapy often lead to side effects like hair loss and nausea?

How does early detection of cancer through regular screenings primarily improve treatment outcomes?

A researcher is investigating a cell line derived from a malignant tumor. They observe that these cells exhibit a significantly reduced dependence on external growth factors compared to normal cells. Which underlying mechanism MOST likely contributes to this characteristic?

During mitosis, accurate segregation of chromosomes is crucial for maintaining genetic stability in daughter cells. Which of the following protein complexes plays the MOST direct role in ensuring that sister chromatids are correctly attached to the mitotic spindle before anaphase?

A scientist is studying a novel compound that selectively inhibits the function of telomerase. What long-term effect would this compound MOST likely have on cancer cells?

A researcher is investigating the signaling pathways that regulate cell division in a particular type of cancer cell. They identify a mutation in a gene encoding a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that causes the receptor to be constitutively active, even in the absence of its ligand. Which of the following downstream effects would MOST likely contribute to uncontrolled cell proliferation in these cancer cells?

A scientist is studying the effect of a new drug on cancer cells in vitro. They observe that the drug causes the cells to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death). Further investigation reveals that the drug binds to and inhibits the activity of Bcl-2, a protein known to prevent apoptosis. Why does inhibiting Bcl-2 lead to apoptosis in cancer cells?

A cutting-edge cancer therapy aims to reactivate silenced tumor suppressor genes using epigenetic modification. If successful, which of the following mechanisms would MOST directly explain the observed anti-tumor effects?

During what subphase of interphase does DNA duplication occur?

What crucial factor determines when a cell will likely undergo division?

Which event characterizes prophase of mitosis?

What is the direct result of mitosis?

Mitosis contributes to which process in unicellular organisms?

What event signifies the start of telophase in animal cells?

What forms during cytokinesis in plant cells that differs from animal cells?

What cellular component is present during mitosis in animal cells but absent in plant cells?

What is a fundamental characteristic of cancer cells?

What is the process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body?

Which type of cancer originates in the bone, cartilage, or muscle?

What is a known environmental factor that can cause cancer?

What is a common misconception about cancer that can affect treatment approaches?

A patient is undergoing chemotherapy. What is the primary reason for side effects like hair loss and nausea?

Which lifestyle modification offers the most effective approach to preventing a wide range of cancers?

A researcher is studying cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Which of the following characteristics would these cells MOST likely exhibit?

A scientist treats cells with a drug that inhibits the enzyme responsible for degrading cohesin. Which phase of mitosis would directly be affected?

A researcher introduces a mutation into cells that inactivates the gene for p53, a protein involved in cell cycle regulation. What outcome would be MOST likely?

If a new drug is developed that successfully blocks angiogenesis in tumors, what would be the MOST likely direct outcome?

Researchers discover that a particular cancer cell line has developed a mechanism to evade apoptosis by upregulating the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. What is the MOST likely consequence of this evasion?

A certain type of tumor exhibits an exceptionally high rate of telomerase activity. What cellular advantage does this MOST likely confer to the cancer cells?

A researcher is investigating a new drug that inhibits a specific cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) in cancer cells. If the drug is effective, which part of the cell cycle would be MOST directly affected?

Consider a hypothetical scenario where a cell's DNA replication machinery introduces a novel, non-canonical base pair that is not recognized by the cell's proofreading mechanisms or mismatch repair systems. If this cell proceeds through mitosis, what is the MOST likely consequence regarding genomic integrity in the resulting daughter cells, assuming the base pair is stable?

Imagine a scenario where a novel protein, 'Inhibitron', is discovered. Inhibitron's function is to transiently sequester cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) specifically during the metaphase-anaphase transition. What would be the MOST likely observable phenotype in cells expressing Inhibitron?

A researcher is investigating a population of cells treated with a novel compound that disrupts the interaction between shugoshin and cohesin. Assuming that spindle checkpoint mechanisms remain functional, what is the MOST likely outcome?

Consider a cell line engineered to express a constitutively active form of separase. Assuming all other cell cycle regulatory mechanisms are functional, what would be the MOST likely consequence for this cell line during mitosis?

A scientist discovers a novel mutation in a gene encoding a protein essential for the proper formation of the mitotic spindle. Specifically, this mutation results in the production of spindle fibers that are abnormally rigid and resistant to depolymerization. How would this MOST likely affect mitosis?

Consider a hypothetical scenario where a cell's centrosomes fail to properly mature during interphase. Assuming that the cell proceeds into mitosis, what is the MOST likely consequence regarding spindle formation and chromosome segregation?

Imagine a cell where the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is constitutively active, even in the presence of an active spindle checkpoint. What is the MOST likely outcome for this cell during mitosis?

A novel drug is discovered that specifically inhibits the activity of topoisomerase II during mitosis. How would this drug MOST likely affect chromosome segregation during anaphase?

Consider a cell line that has a mutation causing the protein Aurora B kinase to be non-functional. What would be the MOST likely consequence of this mutation on chromosome segregation?

A researcher introduces a dominant-negative mutation in the gene encoding for CENP-E, a kinetochore motor protein. What is the MOST likely outcome in cells expressing this mutant protein during mitosis?

Suppose a cell experiences a failure in the completion of DNA replication in the S phase, but the cell progresses past the S-phase checkpoint due to a mutation in the checkpoint's regulatory proteins. What is the MOST likely outcome?

A researcher discovers that in a particular cell line, the G1/S checkpoint is non-functional. What is the MOST likely consequence of this defect?

If a cell line is engineered to express a non-degradable form of cyclin B, what would be the MOST likely consequence?

Consider a scenario where a cell's DNA is damaged by exposure to ionizing radiation. If the cell's p53 protein is non-functional due to a mutation, what is the MOST likely outcome?

A researcher is investigating a novel compound that specifically inhibits the function of condensin complexes. How would this compound MOST likely affect mitosis?

A scientist identifies a mutation that causes overexpression of the protein securin. What direct effect would this MOST likely have on mitosis?

If a cell lacked the ability to phosphorylate lamins, what would be the MOST likely consequence during mitosis?

If a mutation caused Ran-GTP to be constitutively in its GTP-bound state, what would be the MOST likely consequence during mitosis?

Which of the following mechanisms BEST describes how cancer cells utilize glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen, and why is this advantageous for their survival and proliferation?

Patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome have a germline mutation in the TP53 gene. Given this genetic context, which cellular event is MOST likely compromised, thereby promoting cancer development?

Consider a scenario where a cancer cell population exhibits significant heterogeneity, with some cells expressing high levels of a drug efflux pump (e.g., P-glycoprotein) and others expressing very low levels. If this cancer cell population is treated with a chemotherapeutic drug that is a substrate for the efflux pump, what would MOST likely happen over time?

A research team is exploring a novel therapeutic approach that involves engineering T cells to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting a specific tumor-associated antigen. What is the MOST crucial step needed to minimize potential off-target effects and ensure the CAR T-cell therapy is both safe and effective?

A researcher aims to enhance the specificity of a drug targeting cancer cells by conjugating it to a monoclonal antibody that binds exclusively to a tumor-specific surface receptor. Although the antibody effectively delivers the drug to the tumor site, the therapeutic effect is minimal due to inefficient internalization of the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) into the cancer cells. Which strategy would MOST effectively improve the efficacy?

A researcher is investigating mechanisms of acquired resistance to a targeted therapy in cancer cells. They found that cancer cells initially respond well to the drug, but over time, resistant clones emerge. Which adaptation is MOST likely to contribute to the resistance?

Which of the following is a hallmark characteristic that allows cancer cells to sustain proliferative signaling, independent of normal growth factor stimulation?