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It is a phase in cancer cell cycle wherein the cell enlarges and synthesizes proteins to prepare for cell division.
It is a phase in cancer cell cycle wherein the cell enlarges and synthesizes proteins to prepare for cell division.
It is the regression of a cell to an immature or undifferentiated cell type
It is the regression of a cell to an immature or undifferentiated cell type
A process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells
A process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells
It determines the size of the tumor and the existence of local invasion and distant metastasis
It determines the size of the tumor and the existence of local invasion and distant metastasis
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It is a protein immune suppressor
It is a protein immune suppressor
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Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
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loss of DNA control over differentiation occuring in response to adverse conditions
loss of DNA control over differentiation occuring in response to adverse conditions
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What phase in cancer cell cycle wherein the cell makes important proteins to be used in cell division
What phase in cancer cell cycle wherein the cell makes important proteins to be used in cell division
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TNM stands for?
TNM stands for?
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A tumor was shown to posses cells that were moderately differentiated. This is considered a?
A tumor was shown to posses cells that were moderately differentiated. This is considered a?
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All Forms of Cancer use the same grading system?
All Forms of Cancer use the same grading system?
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What is the meaning of cancer in situ?
What is the meaning of cancer in situ?
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The category "N" in the TNM system gives detail about?
The category "N" in the TNM system gives detail about?
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What TNM classification has the poorest prognosis
What TNM classification has the poorest prognosis
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Which stage of cancer is called metastic cancer and means the cancer has spread to other parts of the body beyond where the cancer is started?
Which stage of cancer is called metastic cancer and means the cancer has spread to other parts of the body beyond where the cancer is started?
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What TNM classification below best describes this finding: Very large tumor with 1 regional lymph node involvement, and spread to two regional organs?
What TNM classification below best describes this finding: Very large tumor with 1 regional lymph node involvement, and spread to two regional organs?
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The TNM staging system for cancer be used to help stage what type of cancer?
The TNM staging system for cancer be used to help stage what type of cancer?
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it begins in the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, connective or supportive tissue
it begins in the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, connective or supportive tissue
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Begins in the tissue of brain and spinal cord
Begins in the tissue of brain and spinal cord
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It is a permanent change in DNA nucleotide sequence, arise spontaneously from a mutagen
It is a permanent change in DNA nucleotide sequence, arise spontaneously from a mutagen
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What are the 3 stages of Carcinogenesis?
What are the 3 stages of Carcinogenesis?
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What is the primary cause of death in patient with cancer?
What is the primary cause of death in patient with cancer?
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The most common site for cancer caused by smoking
The most common site for cancer caused by smoking
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The nurse is teaching the patient ways to help prevent them from getting cancer. Which patient response indicates the need for more teaching?
The nurse is teaching the patient ways to help prevent them from getting cancer. Which patient response indicates the need for more teaching?
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A nurse is caring for patient undergoing chemotherapy. Which diet would the nurse expect the patient to prescribed?
A nurse is caring for patient undergoing chemotherapy. Which diet would the nurse expect the patient to prescribed?
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You are teaching a group of nursing students about the characteristics of cancer cell growth. Which of the following statements by a nursing student indicates the need for further teaching?
You are teaching a group of nursing students about the characteristics of cancer cell growth. Which of the following statements by a nursing student indicates the need for further teaching?
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Which stage in the development of cancer is characterized by the reversible proliferation of altered cells?
Which stage in the development of cancer is characterized by the reversible proliferation of altered cells?
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Which of the following patients is experiencing one of the seven warning signs of cancer?
Which of the following patients is experiencing one of the seven warning signs of cancer?
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What is the effect of chemotherapy on cells?
What is the effect of chemotherapy on cells?
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A nurse is caring for a patient who is receiving intravesical bladder chemotherapy. Which adverse effect should the nurse monitor for?
A nurse is caring for a patient who is receiving intravesical bladder chemotherapy. Which adverse effect should the nurse monitor for?
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Which immune response plays a dominant role in resisting tumor growth?
Which immune response plays a dominant role in resisting tumor growth?
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A 76-year old patient who is undergoing cancer treatments comes into the emergency room with complains of weakness, muscle cramps, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. The patient's labs reveal hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia. Which oncologic emergency is this patient most likely experiencing?
A 76-year old patient who is undergoing cancer treatments comes into the emergency room with complains of weakness, muscle cramps, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. The patient's labs reveal hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia. Which oncologic emergency is this patient most likely experiencing?
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The nurse should become familiar with the use of which mnemonic for his/her own knowledge and for patient teaching of warning signs associated with cancer?
The nurse should become familiar with the use of which mnemonic for his/her own knowledge and for patient teaching of warning signs associated with cancer?
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Which of the following cancers would not be clinically staged?
Which of the following cancers would not be clinically staged?
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Which of the following statements is NOT true about benign and malignant neoplasms?
Which of the following statements is NOT true about benign and malignant neoplasms?
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Study Notes
Cancer Cell Cycle
- G1 phase: cell enlarges and synthesizes proteins to prepare for cell division
- De-differentiation: regression of a cell to an immature or undifferentiated cell type
Cancer Development
- Carcinogenesis: process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells
- Loss of DNA control over differentiation: occurs in response to adverse conditions
Cancer Characteristics
- Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
- Loss of differentiation: characterizes cancer cells
Tumor Grading and Staging
- TNM stands for Tumor, Node, Metastasis
- TNM system determines the size of the tumor and the existence of local invasion and distant metastasis
- Cancer in situ: cancer that remains at the site of origin
- Category "N" in the TNM system: gives detail about nodal involvement
- TNM classification with the poorest prognosis: M1 (distant metastasis)
- Stage IV cancer: called metastatic cancer and means the cancer has spread to other parts of the body beyond where the cancer started
Cancer Types
- Cancer that begins in the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, connective or supportive tissue: sarcoma
- Cancer that begins in the tissue of brain and spinal cord: central nervous system cancer
Carcinogenesis
- Mutation: a permanent change in DNA nucleotide sequence, arises spontaneously from a mutagen
- 3 stages of Carcinogenesis: initiation, promotion, and progression
Cancer Complications
- Primary cause of death in patients with cancer: metastasis
- Most common site for cancer caused by smoking: lung
Cancer Prevention and Treatment
- Nurse teaching patient ways to prevent cancer: patient response indicates need for more teaching if they don't understand the importance of prevention
- Diet for patient undergoing chemotherapy: high-calorie, high-protein diet
- Effect of chemotherapy on cells: kills cancer cells
- Adverse effect of intravesical bladder chemotherapy: bladder irritation
Cancer and the Immune System
- Immune response that plays a dominant role in resisting tumor growth: cell-mediated immunity
Oncologic Emergencies
- Oncologic emergency: tumor lysis syndrome (characterized by hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia)
Cancer Warning Signs
- Mnemonic for cancer warning signs: CAUTION
- Cancer that would not be clinically staged: brain cancer
- Benign and malignant neoplasms: benign neoplasms do not invade surrounding tissue, whereas malignant neoplasms do
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