Cell Cycle and Mitosis Overview

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Questions and Answers

How is plant cell cytokinesis different from animal cell cytokinesis?

Plant cells deposit vesicles containing cell-wall building blocks between the two new nuclei; animal cells form a cleavage furrow using actin microfilaments. (correct)

The contractile filaments found in plant cells are structures composed of carbohydrates; the cleavage furrow in animal cells is composed of contractile phospholipids.

The structural proteins of plant cells separate the two cells; in animal cells, a cell membrane separates the two daughter cells.

Plant cells divide after metaphase but before anaphase; animal cells divide after anaphase.

At which phase of mitosis are the centrosomes beginning to move apart in animal cells?

Prophase (correct)

Anaphase

Telophase

Metaphase

During which phase of mitosis do the chromatids become chromosomes?

Anaphase (correct)

Telophase

Metaphase

Prophase

For traditional chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer cells, which of the following is most desirable?

It interferes and destroys rapidly dividing cells. Signup and view all the answers

The 'gap' phases of the cell cycle are devoted to:

Normal cell operations, growth, and preparation for cell division. Signup and view all the answers

Chromosome #1 from your mother and chromosome #1 from your father are said to be homologous. This is because the chromosomes:

Have the same genes on them - just different variations of those genes. Signup and view all the answers

After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is:

Haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following happens during meiosis I?

Homologous chromosomes are separated from each other. Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?

23 Signup and view all the answers

The products of meiosis are:

Four haploid cells. Signup and view all the answers

Crossing over occurs during which stage of meiosis?

Prophase I Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs during anaphase I?

Homologous chromosomes are separated. Signup and view all the answers

What event occurs in both anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis II?

Sister chromatids separate. Signup and view all the answers

The cells at the end of meiosis I are not ready to function as gametes. Why not?

They are haploid, but the chromosomes are still in duplicated form. Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis II is essentially the same as mitosis except that the outcome produces cells that are:

Haploid. Signup and view all the answers

In the process of crossing over:

Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. Signup and view all the answers

In metaphase I, are aligned along the metaphase plate, and in metaphase II are aligned along the metaphase plate.

Homologous chromosomes; pairs of sister chromatids Signup and view all the answers

A gamete from a human male contains:

23 autosomes and either an X or a Y chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

The number of chromosomes present in a human cell at anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis II is the same.

False Signup and view all the answers

Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during:

Meiosis I. Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis?

Results in daughter cells with identical genetic information, DNA all but reproductive. Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis?

A special type of division that produces non-identical daughter cells (gametes, sperm or egg cells) reproductive. Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes?

Reproductive cells, have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is chromatin?

Complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What is interphase?

The phase where cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three sub-phases of interphase?

<ol> <li>G₁ phase (first gap) 2) S phase (synthesis) only duplication phase 3) G₂ phase (second gap)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells?

Division of the cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of mitosis?

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis overlaps the latter stages of mitosis. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cytokinesis in Plant vs. Animal Cells

Plant cells deposit vesicles with cell-wall building blocks between nuclei; animal cells form a cleavage furrow with actin microfilaments.
Plant cell cytokinesis involves cell wall formation, while animal cell cytokinesis involves the contraction of the cell membrane.

Mitosis Phases

Centrosome separation begins in prophase of mitosis.
Chromatids become chromosomes during anaphase.
Mitosis includes five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.

Chemotherapy Goals

Traditional chemotherapeutic drugs most desirably target and destroy rapidly dividing cells, minimizing damage to other metabolically active cells.

Cell Cycle Gap Phases

The gap phases (G1 and G2) focus on normal cell operations, growth, and preparation for division, not on DNA replication.

Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes from mother and father are homologous due to having the same genes with different variations.
After telophase I of meiosis, daughter cells are haploid with chromosomes consisting of two chromatids.

Meiosis Overview

Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, while meiosis II separates sister chromatids, producing four haploid cells from one diploid cell.
Crossing over occurs during prophase I, exchanging genetic material between non-sister chromatids.

Chromosome Count in Gametes

Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes, half of the typical somatic cell count.
A human male gamete contains 22 autosomes and either an X or Y chromosome.

Key Events and Comparisons

Both anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis II involve separation of sister chromatids.
Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles during meiosis I, differing from mitosis where sister chromatids separate in anaphase.

Definitions

Mitosis produces daughter cells that are genetically identical; it is the division of the nucleus in eukaryotes.
Meiosis generates non-identical daughter cells, specifically gametes (sperm or eggs).
Gametes have half the chromosome number compared to somatic cells (23 chromosomes).
Chromatin consists of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division.

Interphase Phases

Interphase involves cell growth and chromosome duplication, consisting of three sub-phases:
- G1 phase (first gap)
- S phase (DNA synthesis)
- G2 phase (second gap)

Cytokinesis and Mitosis Phases

Cytokinesis refers to the division of the cytoplasm following mitosis.
The phases of mitosis include prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, with cytokinesis occurring towards the end.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in the cell cycle, focusing on the distinctions between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells, the phases of mitosis, and the role of chemotherapy in targeting rapidly dividing cells. Test your understanding of homologous chromosomes and gap phases in cell division.