86 Questions
What process is responsible for generating new somatic cells?
Mitosis
Which phase of the cell cycle prepares the cell for division?
G1 phase
What is the purpose of the S phase in the cell cycle?
DNA synthesis
What is the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?
Generating specialized reproductive cells with a haploid number of chromosomes
What marks the point where a cell is committed to division in the cell cycle?
Restriction point
Which part of the cell cycle accounts for approximately 90% of its duration?
Interphase
What is a carrier?
An individual with one dominant and one recessive trait
What is a chromatid?
One of two parallel strands of a duplicated chromosome
What is codominance?
When both alleles are expressed fully and simultaneously in heterozygotes
What is complementary genes (complementation)?
Genes on different loci that interact to express a single character
What does complete dominance refer to?
When the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele in heterozygotes
Where do microtubules of a mitotic spindle attach during mitosis and meiosis?
Centromere
During which meiotic process do two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material?
Crossing over
What type of genes affect the same characteristics in an additive fashion from different independent loci?
Polygenes
In which cellular condition are each chromosome type represented by two homologous chromosomes?
Diploid (2n)
What type of allele manifests itself in the phenotype in both homozygous and heterozygous genotypes?
Dominant allele
What is the main difference between cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells?
Cleavage furrow formation in animal cells vs. cell plate formation in plant cells
What term describes the phenomenon where one gene's expression affects other genes that are not its alleles?
Epistasis
What is the purpose of meiosis?
To produce haploid sex cells from diploid cells
What is the offspring resulting from the interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation called?
F2 generation
Which phase of meiosis is known for reducing the cell from diploid to haploid?
Meiosis I
What happens during Prophase I of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange DNA
What occurs during Telophase?
Reconstitution of nuclear envelope, decondensation of chromosomes
Which process converts each chromosome into two sister chromatids before meiosis?
DNA replication
What causes vessel occlusion and ischemia in sickle cell disease?
Loss of elasticity in red blood cells
Which genotype combination results in a person developing sickle cell disease?
HbS/HbS
What characteristic feature is common in individuals with sickle cell disease?
Repeated infections
Why are individuals with sickle cell trait relatively protected against malaria?
They receive the defective gene from one parent
What is the main reason for patients with sickle cell disease experiencing pain and swelling in hands and feet?
Loss of elasticity in red blood cells
In which population would the frequencies of sickle cell carriers be expected to be high?
Regions with high malaria prevalence
What is the risk of recurrence in siblings in autosomal recessive inheritance?
25%
If one parent is sick (heterozygote) in autosomal dominant inheritance, what is the risk of inheritance for the child?
50%
In a disease conditioned by a recessive gene conjugated to the X chromosome, if the mother is a heterozygote, what is the risk of a sick son?
50%
What is the most common congenital haemolytic anaemia in Northern Europe?
Hereditary spherocytosis
Which of the following proteins plays a key role in hereditary spherocytosis by causing quantitative deficiencies or improper structure of the spectrin?
Ankyrin
What percentage of hereditary spherocytosis cases are related to ankyrin depletion?
45%
What term is used to describe the appearance of the same phenotype with different genotypes?
Phenocopy
In consanguineous mating, what is the primary reason for the increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring?
Reduced genetic variation
Which type of genetic inheritance pattern involves the risk of offspring inheriting identical gene copies from both parents?
Autosomal recessive inheritance
What is the genetic phenomenon that occurs when relatives share genes and may both be carriers of an autosomal recessive gene?
(Auto)zygosity
In a case where a mutation in chromosome 16 leads to clinically identical diseases, which term best describes this situation?
Phenocopy
What type of genetic inheritance pattern is characterized by the constant risk of disease in the offspring, regardless of the number of healthy or sick children already in possession?
(Auto)zygosity
In a Mendelian cross between a homozygous dominant parent (AA) and a homozygous recessive parent (aa), what percentage of the offspring in the F1 generation will have a dominant trait?
100%
What is the genotype ratio expected in the F2 generation when crossing two individuals heterozygous for a trait (Aa x Aa)?
1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
What is the phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation when crossing two individuals heterozygous for a trait (Aa x Aa)?
3:1
What type of allele interaction occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygous state?
Codominance
What is the offspring resulting from a cross between an individual with genotype Aa and an individual with genotype aa called?
Heterozygote
In X-linked recessive inheritance, what is the probability that a son of a female carrier will inherit the recessive trait?
25%
What is the term for traits conditioned by one pair of gene alleles on chromosomes?
Monogenic
In consanguineous mating, what is the primary reason for the increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring?
Higher chance of inheriting identical gene copies
If one parent is sick (heterozygote) in autosomal dominant inheritance, what is the risk of inheritance for the child?
50% chance of inheriting the disease
In X-linked recessive inheritance, what is the probability that a son of a female carrier will inherit the recessive trait?
50%
What type of genetic inheritance pattern involves the constant risk of disease in offspring, regardless of the number of healthy or sick children already in possession?
Autosomal recessive inheritance
What is the primary risk of offspring in consanguineous mating?
Increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders
In the situation of genetic heterogeneity, what term describes the appearance of the same phenotype with different genotypes?
Phenocopy
Which inheritance pattern involves the risk of offspring inheriting identical gene copies from both parents?
Autosomal recessive inheritance
What factor contributes to the higher risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring of related parents?
Shared autosomal recessive genes
In a pedigree analysis, which situation would exemplify genetic heterogeneity?
Different genotypes causing similar phenotypes within a family
Which term refers to a heterozygous individual with respect to recessive traits?
Carrier
In consanguineous mating, what is the primary reason for the increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring?
Decreased genetic diversity
If one parent is sick (heterozygote) in autosomal dominant inheritance, what is the risk of inheritance for the child?
~50%
In X-linked recessive inheritance, what is the probability that a daughter of a female carrier will inherit the recessive trait?
~0%
What is the risk of recurrence in siblings in autosomal recessive inheritance?
~25%
What is the risk of a sick son in X-linked recessive inheritance if the mother is a carrier?
50%
In consanguineous mating, what is the primary reason for the increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring?
Increased likelihood of inheriting two copies of a harmful allele
What is the risk of recurrence in siblings in autosomal dominant inheritance if one parent is sick (heterozygote)?
50%
Which type of genetic inheritance pattern involves the constant risk of disease in the offspring, regardless of the number of healthy or sick children already in possession?
Autosomal dominant inheritance
What is the risk of a sick son in a disease conditioned by a recessive gene conjugated to the X chromosome if the mother is a heterozygote?
50%
What is the genotype of an individual who is a carrier for an autosomal recessive disorder?
Aa
In consanguineous mating, what is the primary reason for the increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring?
Decreased gene variability
In X-linked recessive inheritance, what is the risk that a daughter of a female carrier will inherit the recessive trait?
25%
What is the expected genotype ratio in the F2 generation when crossing two individuals heterozygous for an autosomal dominant trait?
1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
If one parent is affected by an autosomal dominant disorder and the other parent is unaffected, what is the risk of their child inheriting the disorder?
50%
What is the difference between polygenic inheritance and multifactorial inheritance?
Polygenic inheritance involves many genes while multifactorial inheritance involves gene-environment interactions.
In a consanguineous mating, what is the primary reason for the increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring?
Increased homozygosity of alleles
In autosomal dominant inheritance, what is the risk of inheritance for the child if one parent is affected?
50% chance of inheriting the disease
In X-linked recessive inheritance, what is the probability that a daughter of a female carrier will inherit the recessive trait?
~25%
What is a possible outcome if a child inherits two copies of a disease-causing autosomal recessive allele?
Developing the disease
What is observed in incomplete dominance?
The physical appearance shows a blending of both alleles
Which condition results from the expression of one gene interfering with another?
Epistasis
What is the primary effect of a mutation in the beta-globin gene?
Sickle-shaped red blood cells
In genetics, what does pleiotropy refer to?
One gene affecting multiple characteristics
What type of genetic inheritance involves more than two alleles for a gene?
Multiple alleles
In autosomal recessive disorders, consanguineous mating increases the risk of:
Inheriting identical gene copies from both parents
'Epistasis' in genetics is best described as:
'Masking' or interfering with another gene's expression
'Complete dominance' in genetic inheritance patterns refers to:
'Complete' expression of one allele over the other
Test your knowledge on the cell cycle and cell division. Learn about the stages in the reproductive history of a cell, mitosis, sexual and asexual reproduction, and tissue renewal and repair processes.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
