Cell Cycle and Cell Division Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What process is responsible for generating new somatic cells?

  • Interphase
  • Meiosis
  • Cytokinesis
  • Mitosis (correct)

    • Which phase of the cell cycle prepares the cell for division?

  • S phase
  • G1 phase (correct)
  • G2 phase
  • M phase

    • What is the purpose of the S phase in the cell cycle?

  • DNA synthesis (correct)
  • Division of the parent cell
  • Metabolic changes
  • Assembly of cytoplasmic materials

    • What is the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>Generating specialized reproductive cells with a haploid number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the point where a cell is committed to division in the cell cycle?

    <p>Restriction point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cell cycle accounts for approximately 90% of its duration?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carrier?

    <p>An individual with one dominant and one recessive trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chromatid?

    <p>One of two parallel strands of a duplicated chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is codominance?

    <p>When both alleles are expressed fully and simultaneously in heterozygotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is complementary genes (complementation)?

    <p>Genes on different loci that interact to express a single character</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does complete dominance refer to?

    <p>When the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele in heterozygotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do microtubules of a mitotic spindle attach during mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which meiotic process do two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genes affect the same characteristics in an additive fashion from different independent loci?

    <p>Polygenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular condition are each chromosome type represented by two homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Diploid (2n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of allele manifests itself in the phenotype in both homozygous and heterozygous genotypes?

    <p>Dominant allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells?

    <p>Cleavage furrow formation in animal cells vs. cell plate formation in plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the phenomenon where one gene's expression affects other genes that are not its alleles?

    <p>Epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To produce haploid sex cells from diploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the offspring resulting from the interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation called?

    <p>F2 generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis is known for reducing the cell from diploid to haploid?

    <p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Telophase?

    <p>Reconstitution of nuclear envelope, decondensation of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process converts each chromosome into two sister chromatids before meiosis?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes vessel occlusion and ischemia in sickle cell disease?

    <p>Loss of elasticity in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genotype combination results in a person developing sickle cell disease?

    <p>HbS/HbS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature is common in individuals with sickle cell disease?

    <p>Repeated infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are individuals with sickle cell trait relatively protected against malaria?

    <p>They receive the defective gene from one parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for patients with sickle cell disease experiencing pain and swelling in hands and feet?

    <p>Loss of elasticity in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which population would the frequencies of sickle cell carriers be expected to be high?

    <p>Regions with high malaria prevalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of recurrence in siblings in autosomal recessive inheritance?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If one parent is sick (heterozygote) in autosomal dominant inheritance, what is the risk of inheritance for the child?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a disease conditioned by a recessive gene conjugated to the X chromosome, if the mother is a heterozygote, what is the risk of a sick son?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common congenital haemolytic anaemia in Northern Europe?

    <p>Hereditary spherocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins plays a key role in hereditary spherocytosis by causing quantitative deficiencies or improper structure of the spectrin?

    <p>Ankyrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of hereditary spherocytosis cases are related to ankyrin depletion?

    <p>45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the appearance of the same phenotype with different genotypes?

    <p>Phenocopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In consanguineous mating, what is the primary reason for the increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring?

    <p>Reduced genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic inheritance pattern involves the risk of offspring inheriting identical gene copies from both parents?

    <p>Autosomal recessive inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic phenomenon that occurs when relatives share genes and may both be carriers of an autosomal recessive gene?

    <p>(Auto)zygosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a case where a mutation in chromosome 16 leads to clinically identical diseases, which term best describes this situation?

    <p>Phenocopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic inheritance pattern is characterized by the constant risk of disease in the offspring, regardless of the number of healthy or sick children already in possession?

    <p>(Auto)zygosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Mendelian cross between a homozygous dominant parent (AA) and a homozygous recessive parent (aa), what percentage of the offspring in the F1 generation will have a dominant trait?

    <p>100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype ratio expected in the F2 generation when crossing two individuals heterozygous for a trait (Aa x Aa)?

    <p>1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation when crossing two individuals heterozygous for a trait (Aa x Aa)?

    <p>3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of allele interaction occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygous state?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the offspring resulting from a cross between an individual with genotype Aa and an individual with genotype aa called?

    <p>Heterozygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In X-linked recessive inheritance, what is the probability that a son of a female carrier will inherit the recessive trait?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for traits conditioned by one pair of gene alleles on chromosomes?

    <p>Monogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In consanguineous mating, what is the primary reason for the increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring?

    <p>Higher chance of inheriting identical gene copies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If one parent is sick (heterozygote) in autosomal dominant inheritance, what is the risk of inheritance for the child?

    <p>50% chance of inheriting the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In X-linked recessive inheritance, what is the probability that a son of a female carrier will inherit the recessive trait?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic inheritance pattern involves the constant risk of disease in offspring, regardless of the number of healthy or sick children already in possession?

    <p>Autosomal recessive inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of offspring in consanguineous mating?

    <p>Increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the situation of genetic heterogeneity, what term describes the appearance of the same phenotype with different genotypes?

    <p>Phenocopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inheritance pattern involves the risk of offspring inheriting identical gene copies from both parents?

    <p>Autosomal recessive inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the higher risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring of related parents?

    <p>Shared autosomal recessive genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree analysis, which situation would exemplify genetic heterogeneity?

    <p>Different genotypes causing similar phenotypes within a family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a heterozygous individual with respect to recessive traits?

    <p>Carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In consanguineous mating, what is the primary reason for the increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring?

    <p>Decreased genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If one parent is sick (heterozygote) in autosomal dominant inheritance, what is the risk of inheritance for the child?

    <p>~50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In X-linked recessive inheritance, what is the probability that a daughter of a female carrier will inherit the recessive trait?

    <p>~0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of recurrence in siblings in autosomal recessive inheritance?

    <p>~25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of a sick son in X-linked recessive inheritance if the mother is a carrier?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In consanguineous mating, what is the primary reason for the increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring?

    <p>Increased likelihood of inheriting two copies of a harmful allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of recurrence in siblings in autosomal dominant inheritance if one parent is sick (heterozygote)?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic inheritance pattern involves the constant risk of disease in the offspring, regardless of the number of healthy or sick children already in possession?

    <p>Autosomal dominant inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of a sick son in a disease conditioned by a recessive gene conjugated to the X chromosome if the mother is a heterozygote?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of an individual who is a carrier for an autosomal recessive disorder?

    <p>Aa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In consanguineous mating, what is the primary reason for the increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring?

    <p>Decreased gene variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In X-linked recessive inheritance, what is the risk that a daughter of a female carrier will inherit the recessive trait?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected genotype ratio in the F2 generation when crossing two individuals heterozygous for an autosomal dominant trait?

    <p>1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If one parent is affected by an autosomal dominant disorder and the other parent is unaffected, what is the risk of their child inheriting the disorder?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between polygenic inheritance and multifactorial inheritance?

    <p>Polygenic inheritance involves many genes while multifactorial inheritance involves gene-environment interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a consanguineous mating, what is the primary reason for the increased risk of autosomal recessive disorders in offspring?

    <p>Increased homozygosity of alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In autosomal dominant inheritance, what is the risk of inheritance for the child if one parent is affected?

    <p>50% chance of inheriting the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In X-linked recessive inheritance, what is the probability that a daughter of a female carrier will inherit the recessive trait?

    <p>~25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome if a child inherits two copies of a disease-causing autosomal recessive allele?

    <p>Developing the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is observed in incomplete dominance?

    <p>The physical appearance shows a blending of both alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from the expression of one gene interfering with another?

    <p>Epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of a mutation in the beta-globin gene?

    <p>Sickle-shaped red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what does pleiotropy refer to?

    <p>One gene affecting multiple characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic inheritance involves more than two alleles for a gene?

    <p>Multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In autosomal recessive disorders, consanguineous mating increases the risk of:

    <p>Inheriting identical gene copies from both parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Epistasis' in genetics is best described as:

    <p>'Masking' or interfering with another gene's expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Complete dominance' in genetic inheritance patterns refers to:

    <p>'Complete' expression of one allele over the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Division and the Cell Cycle

    • Somatic cells are generated through the process of mitosis.
    • The S phase of the cell cycle is crucial for DNA replication and prepares the cell for division.
    • The G1 phase marks the point of commitment for cells to enter the division cycle.
    • Approximately 90% of the cell cycle duration is spent in the interphase (G1, S, G2 phases).

    Genetic Concepts

    • A carrier is an individual who possesses one copy of a recessive allele but does not exhibit the associated phenotype.
    • A chromatid is one-half of a duplicated chromosome, visible during cell division.
    • Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed in the phenotype.
    • Complementary genes interact in an additive fashion, affecting the same characteristics from different loci.
    • Complete dominance refers to the situation where one allele completely masks the effect of another allele.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis plays a key role in sexual reproduction by producing haploid gametes from diploid cells.
    • During Prophase I, homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material through crossing over.
    • The phase known for reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid is Meiosis I.
    • Microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes at the kinetochores during both mitosis and meiosis.
    • Telophase marks the completion of nuclear division, leading to the formation of two distinct nuclei.

    Sickle Cell Disease and Genetics

    • In sickle cell disease, vessel occlusion and ischemia are caused by misshaped red blood cells.
    • Homozygous recessive genotype (ss) leads to the development of sickle cell disease.
    • Common characteristics of individuals with sickle cell disease include pain crises and swelling, particularly in hands and feet.
    • Individuals with sickle cell trait (heterozygous) have a protective effect against malaria.

    Genetic Inheritance Patterns

    • In autosomal recessive inheritance, siblings have a 25% risk of being affected if both parents are carriers.
    • An affected parent (heterozygote) in autosomal dominant inheritance gives a 50% chance of passing the trait to an offspring.
    • If the mother is a heterozygote in X-linked recessive inheritance, there is a 50% chance that her son will inherit the trait.
    • Hereditary spherocytosis involves a deficiency of the protein ankyrin, impacting cell shape and stability.

    Genetic Concepts and Terminology

    • Genetic heterogeneity refers to the occurrence of the same phenotype driven by different genotypes.
    • Consanguineous mating increases the risk of autosomal recessive disorders due to shared ancestry and gene alleles.
    • The offspring of a cross between an individual with genotype Aa and another with aa is referred to as a hybrid.
    • Traits conditioned by one pair of alleles on chromosomes are known as monogenic traits.

    Mendelian Genetics

    • In a Mendelian cross between a homozygous dominant (AA) and a homozygous recessive (aa), all offspring in the F1 generation will show the dominant trait.
    • Expected genotype ratio in F2 generation from a cross of two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa) is 1:2:1.
    • The phenotypic ratio in F2 when crossing Aa x Aa is 3:1, displaying dominant and recessive traits.

    Specific Conditions

    • In X-linked recessive inheritance, the probability that a daughter inherits the recessive trait from a carrier mother is 50%.
    • The expected genotype ratio and recurrence risks in autosomal recessive disorders increase significantly in consanguineous relationships due to shared alleles.
    • If both parents are carriers (Aa), the risk of a recessive disorder in offspring is 25% for autosomal recessive inheritance.

    Additional Genetic Concepts

    • Pleiotropy refers to one gene influencing multiple phenotypic traits.
    • Epistasis describes interactions where one gene's expression affects the phenotypic expression of another gene.
    • Polygenic inheritance involves traits that are determined by multiple genes, while multifactorial inheritance takes environmental factors into account.
    • Incomplete dominance results in a phenotype that is a blend of the two parents’ traits, rather than one being fully expressed.

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    Chapter VIII - Medical Biology - Genetics 2023-2024 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the cell cycle and cell division. Learn about the stages in the reproductive history of a cell, mitosis, sexual and asexual reproduction, and tissue renewal and repair processes.

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