Cell Communication - Practice Questions

The process of stopping signal transduction after a cell has processed a signal to avoid prolonged or unwanted responses.

Programmed cell death, a crucial process in organism development and maintenance.

Cell division enables reproduction and ensures the continuation of the species in single-celled organisms.

Cell division is essential for growth, repair, and maintaining a stable number of cells and ensuring all tissues maintain proper function.

The complete set of genetic material (DNA) in an organism.

Long, thread-like structures of DNA and protein that tightly package genetic material in the cell.

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein.

Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes.

The process of tightly packing chromosomes for efficient cell division.

Identical copies of a chromosome produced by DNA replication.

Region where two sister chromatids attach.

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) containing half the number of chromosomes.

Non-reproductive cells in the body containing a full set of chromosomes.

Period of cell growth and DNA replication preceding cell division (mitosis).

The phase of the cell cycle where mitosis and cytokinesis take place.

The first gap phase of interphase, where the cell grows and carries out its normal functions.

The phase in interphase where DNA replication occurs.

The second gap phase of interphase, where the cell prepares for mitosis.

The process of nuclear division, dividing genetic material to two daughter cells.

The process of cytoplasmic division, dividing the rest of the cell contents after mitosis.

Critical points in the cell cycle where the cell assesses its condition before proceeding.

A non-dividing state where cells perform their functions but do not prepare for division.

Different forms of a gene.

An allele that masks the effect of another allele.

An allele whose effect is masked by another allele.

A grid used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a cross.

An organism with two identical alleles for a gene.

An organism with two dominant alleles for a gene.

An organism with two recessive alleles for a gene.

An organism with two different alleles for a gene.

Having two different alleles for a particular trait.

The observable characteristics of an organism

The genetic makeup of an organism

An organism that is heterozygous for one gene.

A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for one trait

An organism that is heterozygous for two genes.

A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for two traits

A cross used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype

During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other, so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene

Alleles of different genes are distributed independently during gamete formation

Genetic conditions arising from abnormal chromosome numbers.

Mitochondrial genes are maternally inherited; offspring inherit only from the mother.

A disease caused by defects in mitochondrial genes.

A medical technique where a child's mitochondrial DNA comes from a donor.

Possible offspring blood types are A, B, AB, and O.

Skin color determined by multiple genes.

Recessive disorder affecting a gene on the X chromosome

XX inheritance pattern associated with genetic inactivation of one X chromosome.

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during metaphase.

Number of possible gametes depends on the number of heterozygous gene pairs.

Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins.

Three major types: ion channels, protein kinases, and intracellular receptors.

Lipid-soluble vitamin D receptors are typically located inside the cell.

Mendel's three-generation crosses follow a specific order of experiments.

A genetic disorder caused by inheriting two copies of a recessive allele, one from each parent.

A genetic disorder caused by inheriting at least one copy of a dominant allele.

A person who carries a recessive allele for a genetic disorder but does not show symptoms of the disorder because they have a normal allele.

A genetic test to determine if a person carries a recessive allele for a genetic disorder.

Tests done during pregnancy to get information about the fetus's genetic makeup.

A procedure to collect amniotic fluid for testing to detect fetal genetic abnormalities.

A prenatal test collecting cells from the placenta for genetic analysis

Testing of newborns for genetic or metabolic disorders.

Heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype, neither like one of the homozygotes.

Both alleles are expressed equally in heterozygotes.

More than two alleles for a gene.

One gene influences multiple traits.

One gene's allele masks or modifies the expression of another gene's alleles.

Multiple genes contributing to a single trait (e.g., skin color).

Cross between two heterozygotes for one trait.

Cross between two heterozygotes for two traits

Inheritance of one trait doesn't affect the inheritance of another.

The possible genetic makeup of PKU parents, who are unaffected but can still pass the recessive trait.

The cellular response to cell signaling that leads to biofilm formation.

A G2 nucleus contains replicated DNA, while a G1 nucleus contains single chromosomes.

Two processes in meiosis (crossing over and independent assortment) that lead to new combinations of genes in offspring.

Cell wall formation, a crucial step in division of plant cells.

A chicken gamete (sperm or egg) has half the number of chromosomes as a somatic cell.

The number of chromosomes in a somatic cell of the chicken's offspring will be the same as the parent (78).

The correct order of steps to signal transduction. Receptor binding leads to conformational changes, followed by transduction, ultimately affecting cellular responses.

The number of non-sex chromosome pairs in humans.

In metaphase I of meiosis, homologous chromosome pairs are aligned, whereas in metaphase of mitosis, individual chromosomes align.

Chromosomes with different colors or shades in a meiosis image.

The interplay of genetic and environmental factors in determining a trait.

A trait influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

A single allele that can be recessive, incompletely dominant, and codominant depending on the context.

Heterozygotes (carriers) are less susceptible to malaria.

A model organism in genetics research, due to short generation time.

The most common phenotype in a population.

A phenotype different from the wild type.

Genes are located on chromosomes, and that genes can be linked and recombined during meiosis.

Determined by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome.

A gene on the Y chromosome that triggers male development.

Gene located on sex chromosomes.

A gene that is on the X chromosome.

A gene that is on the Y chromosome.

A gene that plays a role in female development.

One X chromosome in females is inactivated to equalize gene expression.

The inactivated X chromosome in a female.

An individual displaying different genotypes in different cells because of X-inactivation.

Faulty separation of chromosomes or chromatids during meiosis.

Abnormal number of chromosomes, not an exact multiple of the haploid set.

Having one less chromosome than the normal number.

Having one more chromosome than the normal number.

Faulty separation of chromosomes or chromatids during mitosis.

Changes in the arrangement of DNA segments within a chromosome.