Cell Communication and Signaling
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Cell Communication and Signaling

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Questions and Answers

What are the possible genotypes of the parents if their child has phenylketonuria (PKU), a recessive disorder?

  • F2, F1, P (correct)
  • F1, F2, P (correct)
  • F1, F1
  • F1, F2 (correct)

    • Cytokinesis occurs in plants by furrow formation.

    False

    How many chromosomes are in each of the chicken’s gametes?

    39

    Humans have _________ pair of autosomes.

    <p>22</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of the signal transduction pathway:

    <p>Receptor binds signal = Stage 1 Signal travels to target cell = Stage 2 Signal transduced within cell = Stage 3 Effects from signal transduction occur = Stage 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is necessary for a cell to respond to a signal molecule?

    <p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quorum sensing is a process used only by yeast cells for cell signaling.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three stages of cell signaling?

    <p>Reception, Transduction, Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intracellular receptors typically bind to __________ ligands.

    <p>hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of receptors with their descriptions:

    <p>G-protein coupled receptors = Activate pathways via G-proteins Tyrosine kinase receptors = Phosphorylate tyrosine residues Ion channel receptors = Open channels in response to a signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does signal amplification provide during glycogen breakdown?

    <p>It allows for more energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells will respond the same way to the same signaling molecule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the significance of scaffolding proteins in signal transduction.

    <p>Scaffolding proteins organize signaling pathways and facilitate the interaction between various proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cell division in multicellular organisms?

    <p>To grow and repair tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All somatic cells are diploid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the S phase of interphase?

    <p>DNA replication occurs during the S phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During metaphase, the chromosomes align at the __________.

    <p>metaphase plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of the cell cycle to their descriptions:

    <p>G1 phase = Cell grows and prepares for DNA replication S phase = DNA is replicated G2 phase = Cell prepares for mitosis M phase = Cell divides into two daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mitotic spindle?

    <p>To separate sister chromatids during mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis occurs simultaneously with mitosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is apoptosis and its significance?

    <p>Apoptosis is programmed cell death, important for development and maintaining tissue homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two structures present in a replicated chromosome?

    <p>Sister chromatids and centromeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis results in the production of four genetically identical daughter cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one process associated with sexual reproduction that produces genetic variation.

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis, the chromosome number is __________ in the resulting gametes.

    <p>halved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to Mendel's experiments with their definitions:

    <p>Character = A heritable feature that varies among individuals Trait = A specific variant of a character True-breeding = Organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves Hybridization = Mating two contrasting, true-breeding varieties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would likely happen if homologous chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Some gametes will have an abnormal chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A stable environment favors asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction for well-adapted organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the haploid number for pea plants?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is an example of a disorder caused by a recessive allele?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A carrier of a genetic disorder will always express the disorder's traits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is amniocentesis?

    <p>A prenatal diagnostic procedure to sample amniotic fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The expected phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa) is ___ : ___.

    <p>3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genetic testing methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Carrier testing = Determines if an individual carries a recessive allele for a genetic disorder Fetal testing = Assessing the fetus for genetic disorders Amniocentesis = Sampling amniotic fluid to test for genetic conditions Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) = Sampling the placenta to evaluate for genetic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes pleiotropy?

    <p>One gene influencing multiple traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epistasis is when one gene's allele masks the effects of another gene's alleles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of polygenic inheritance using human skin color.

    <p>Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a trait, resulting in a range of phenotypes, as seen in human skin color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following human aneuploidies is associated with Down syndrome?

    <p>Trisomy 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Klinefelter syndrome is caused by an individual having three sex chromosomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of mitochondrial replacement therapy?

    <p>A technique used to prevent mitochondrial diseases by replacing defective mitochondria with healthy ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ______ of mitosis, chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.

    <p>metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability that a son will inherit an X-linked recessive disorder from an unaffected mother and affected father?

    <p>0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the genetic conditions with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Trisomy 21 = Down syndrome XYY syndrome = Male with an extra Y chromosome XXY = Klinefelter syndrome X0 = Turner syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three types of cell membrane receptors?

    <p>G-protein coupled receptors, ion channel receptors, and receptor tyrosine kinases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Communication

    • Cells use signaling mechanisms for two general reasons: survival and reproduction.
    • Cell signaling, in evolutionary terms, is quite old.
    • Quorum sensing is a bacterial cell signaling process where bacteria communicate with one another through chemical signals. This process is significant because it allows bacteria to coordinate their responses and behave collectively.
    • Quorum sensing differs between bacteria and yeast cells in its signaling mechanisms.
    • A cell's response to a signal molecule depends on the existence of a specific receptor protein. Receptor proteins typically are found within or on a cell's membrane.
    • Cell signaling has three stages: reception, transduction, and response.

    Reception

    • A receptor protein and its ligand interact.
    • Receptor proteins are often located within or on a cell's membrane.
    • Three major types of cell-surface transmembrane receptors exist.
    • Intracellular receptors bind to hydrophobic ligands like steroid hormones.

    Signal Transduction

    • Signaling molecules binding to protein kinases initiate phosphorylation cascades.
    • These cascades involve a sequence of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events, ultimately leading to a cellular response.
    • Signal transduction pathways involving G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important for cell functions.
    • Second messengers, such as cAMP, amplify signals within cells and are advantageous in signal transduction.

    Response

    • Cellular responses to signaling molecules can include processes like changes in enzyme activity, gene expression, or cytoskeletal rearrangements.
    • Signal amplification can be advantageous, such as in glycogen breakdown.
    • Different cells can have different responses to the same signaling molecule.
    • Scaffolding proteins organize signaling pathways, promoting efficient signal transduction.
    • Cells terminate signals to prevent uncontrolled responses.
    • Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process significant for proper development where cells undergo apoptosis to maintain balance.

    Cell Cycles & Mitosis

    • Cell division is essential for unicellular and multicellular organisms.
    • Genetic material in eukaryotic cells is organized within chromosomes. Chromatin makes up the chromosomes.
    • Gametes are reproductive cells, and somatic cells are body cells.
    • Homologous chromosomes are paired chromosomes, while sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome.
    • Interphase precedes mitosis, and consists of G1, S, and G2 phases, where cells grow and DNA replicates.
    • The M-phase consists of mitosis and cytokinesis, leading to cell division.
    • Each phase of mitosis occurs in a specific order.
    • Cytokinesis occurs differently in animal and plant cells.
    • Checkpoints regulate the cell cycle, preventing errors in cell replication. Malfunctions in checkpoints may lead to cancer.
    • Cells can exit the cell cycle, entering a non-dividing state called G0.

    Meiosis & Reproduction

    • Sexual reproduction involves meiosis and fertilization.
    • Meiosis results in genetic variation in offspring through crossing over.
    • The processes of meiosis and fertilization alternate in sexual life cycles.
    • Chromosome numbers change through meiosis and fertilization.
    • Haploid cells can't undergo mitosis, whereas haploid cells can undergo meiosis.

    Mendelian Genetics

    • Inheritance involves genes, located on chromosomes, and are characterized by observable traits.
    • There are different types of inheritance with respect to the traits.
    • True-breeding organisms produce offspring with the same traits as the parent.
    • Hybridization involves breeding organisms with different traits to study their offspring's traits. (eg., parent 1 is tall, parent 2 is short, the offspring's characteristics are studied)
    • Mendel's experimental work on pea plants is a model for studying inheritance patterns.
    • Mendel's results demonstrated that inheritance is particulate, and not blending.
    • The laws of segregation and independent assortment explain inheritance patterns.

    Complex Inheritance

    • Inheritance patterns are more complex, including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, pleiotropy, and epistasis.
    • Epistasis involves cases where the expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene.
    • Polygenic inheritance explains traits such as human skin color with multiple genes being involved.
    • Environmental conditions play a role in some traits, in conjunction with genes.

    Human Genetics & Sex Determination

    • Multiple alleles and multiple genes can determine human traits, like blood type.
    • Incomplete dominance and codominance affect inheritance patterns.
    • Pedigree analysis tracks inheritance patterns in families.
    • Sex determination and inheritance patterns vary among organisms.
    • Genetic disorders can arise due to chromosomal alterations including nondisjunction and aneuploidy.
    • Examples of human genetic disorders are Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.

    Mitochondrial Inheritance

    • Genes in mitochondria and chloroplasts are inherited maternally.
    • Mitochondrial diseases can affect organisms.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of cell communication and signaling mechanisms. This quiz covers topics such as quorum sensing, receptor proteins, and the stages of cell signaling: reception, transduction, and response. Test your knowledge and understand the importance of these processes for survival and reproduction in cells.

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