Cell Communication and Signaling

<p>Cyclic AMP (cAMP) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ion-channel coupled receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G-protein coupled receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme-coupled receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a monomeric GTPase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They activate transcription of target genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cAMP pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme activity and signaling pathways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They activate intracellular signaling complexes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GDP is exchanged for GTP. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroid hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine signaling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paracrine signaling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To relay, amplify, integrate, and distribute signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ion-channel coupled receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of specific receptor proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contact-dependent signaling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear hormone receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be reset by phosphorylation or GTP binding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To alter cellular functions in response to signaling pathways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuronal signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

These are a type of cell surface receptor that opens a channel to let ions pass through when a specific molecule binds to them. This process is also known as ligand-gated ion channels.

These receptors are linked to G proteins, which are like messenger molecules inside the cell. These receptors bind to signaling molecules and activate G proteins, starting a chain reaction within the cell.

This is a key enzyme involved in signaling pathways triggered by G-protein coupled receptors. It produces a second messenger called cAMP.

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a small molecule produced inside cells and acts as a second messenger, triggering further responses within the cell.

Protein kinase A (PKA) is an enzyme activated by cAMP. PKA then phosphorylates target proteins, modifying their activity and causing a specific cellular response.

The process of converting a signal from one form to another. For example, a chemical signal might be converted into a change in gene expression.

Cells release signaling molecules into the surrounding environment, affecting nearby cells.

Specialized cells called neurons transmit signals over long distances, using axons.

Signaling molecules on one cell bind to receptors on an adjacent cell, allowing for direct communication.

The ability of a cell to respond to a specific set of signals is determined by the combination of receptor proteins present. This ensures targeted communication and efficient signaling.

Cells respond to signals based on the presence of specific receptor proteins on their surface. They can recognize and respond to specific signals by utilizing receptor proteins that match those signals.

A molecular switch that can be turned on or off, influencing protein activity. This ensures that signaling pathways are controlled and can be readily reset.

A type of signaling molecule that controls a wide range of cellular functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Intracellular signaling molecules transmit signals from the cell surface to the interior of the cell. This allows the signal to be relayed, amplified, integrated, and distributed to the appropriate cellular targets.

Breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle is a process that provides glucose for energy. It is activated by hormones like adrenaline or glucagon when the body needs a quick energy boost.

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large and diverse family of cell surface receptors that are involved in a wide array of signaling processes.

They are important in many cellular processes, including hormone, neurotransmitter, and light signaling.

G-proteins are membrane-bound proteins that act as molecular switches. They can bind to GTP (active state) or GDP (inactive state).

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a small molecule that acts as a 'second messenger' inside cells. It is produced by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase in response to certain signals.

Phospholipase C is an enzyme that breaks down a membrane lipid called phosphoinositide. This produces diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3).

Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) act as important second messengers, contributing to various cellular processes, such as muscle contraction and cell growth.

Enzyme-coupled receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that directly catalyze (speed up) a specific enzymatic reaction within the cell.

The largest group of enzyme-coupled receptors is the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). These receptors are involved in various processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism.

Ras is a small GTPase protein that plays a critical role in cell signaling. It acts as a 'on/off' switch involved in cell growth, division, and differentiation.