Cell Classification and Characteristics
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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of microorganisms when compared to other living organisms?

  • They are larger in size
  • They are always multicellular
  • They are simpler in structure and complexity (correct)
  • They are more complex in structure and complexity

    • What is the main difference between prokaryot and eukaryot cells?

  • The number of cells they have
  • The size of the cell
  • The type of metabolism they use
  • The presence or absence of a nucleus (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living cells?

  • Ability to produce offspring
  • Ability to produce non-living offspring (correct)
  • Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
  • Ability to remove toxic material and waste

    • What is the term for the process of removing toxic material and waste?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a eukaryot cell?

    <p>Protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of cells to sense and respond to stimuli?

    <p>Sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms is not a cell?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of breaking down food to release energy?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of teichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>To regulate cell wall enlargement and ion passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the lipopolysaccharide layer in Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>To protect the peptidoglycan layer from enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell wall in bacteria?

    <p>To maintain the shape of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Thick peptidoglycan layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the periplasmic space in Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>To provide a space for enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Gram staining in Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Purple color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Lipopolysaccharide layer presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cell wall in protecting the cell against physical disruption?

    <p>It provides high resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to write the genus name of a microorganism?

    <p>upper case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the yeast species used for beer production?

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>It has a golden color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of Bacillus cereus?

    <p>Fungus rodlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the scientific name 'CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM' be written?

    <p><em>Clostridium botulinum</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of Cocci arranged in a square of four?

    <p>Tetrad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a living cell?

    <p>Ability to reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of rope spoilage in bread?

    <p>Bacillus subtilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do microorganisms typically reproduce?

    <p>Asexually, through simple cell division or binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the environments in which microorganisms can survive?

    <p>They can survive in a wide range of environments that are too extreme for other organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in nutrient cycling?

    <p>They play a vital role in nutrient cycling, decomposition, fermentation, and digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the binomial system of nomenclature for microorganisms?

    <p>Carl Linnaeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct format for writing the name of a microorganism in the binomial system?

    <p>Genus in all uppercase letters and species in all lowercase letters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the rules of nomenclature for microorganisms?

    <p>To provide a universal system for naming microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to write the names of taxa in handwritten form?

    <p>Underlined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the first name of an organism in the binomial system of nomenclature?

    <p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the cell membrane?

    <p>Phospholipid and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of flagella in motile bacteria?

    <p>To propel bacteria through liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fimbriae in bacteria?

    <p>To attach the cell to a surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the capsule in bacteria?

    <p>To prevent phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the layer of bacteria cell that is tightly bound to the cell wall?

    <p>Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pili in bacteria?

    <p>To transfer DNA from one cell to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cations such as Mg2+ and Ca2+ in the cell membrane?

    <p>To combine with negative charge of phospholipids and help stabilize the membrane structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the slime layer in bacteria?

    <p>To protect the cell from desiccation and help trap nutrients near the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Classification

    • There are two main categories of cells: Prokaryot and Eukaryot.
    • Prokaryot: "Pro" means before, and "karyon" means kernel or nucleus, referring to cells that lack a true nucleus.
    • Eukaryot: "Eu" means true, and "karyon" means kernel or nucleus, referring to cells that have a true nucleus.

    Characteristics of Living Cells

    • 7 characteristics of living cells:
      • Removal of toxic materials and waste of metabolism
      • Excretion
      • Ability to produce offspring
      • Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
      • Consuming material from surrounding for growth and energy
      • Breaking down food to release energy
      • Increasing in number of cells

    Microorganisms

    • 5 major groups of microorganisms:
      • Bacteria
      • Fungi
      • Virus
      • Protozoa
      • Algae

    Differences between Microorganisms and Other Living Organisms

    • 5 key differences:
      • Size: Microorganisms are much smaller than other living organisms.
      • Complexity: Microorganisms are simpler in structure and complexity compared to other living organisms.
      • Reproduction: Microorganisms reproduce rapidly and can produce millions of offspring in a short period.
      • Diversity: Microorganisms are incredibly diverse and can survive in a wide range of environments.
      • Importance: Microorganisms play a vital role in several processes such as nutrient cycling, decomposition, fermentation, and digestion.

    Nomenclature of Microorganisms

    • Microorganisms are named according to the binomial system, introduced by Carl Linnaeus.
    • The binomial system consists of a genus and species.
    • Rules of nomenclature:
      • Use binary names
      • Capitalize the genus name
      • Italicize or underline the names of all taxa

    Cell Components

    • Gram-positive bacteria: contain teichoic acids, which are negatively charged and help regulate the cell wall's negative charge.
    • Gram-negative bacteria: contain lipopolysaccharides, which function as a second membrane structure that protects the peptidoglycan.

    Cell Wall Functions

    • Act as an antigen
    • Inhibit phagocytosis
    • Give and maintain the shape of the cell
    • Protect the cell against mechanical and osmotic stress
    • Separate the interior of the cell from the outer environment
    • Enable transport of substances in and out of the cell

    Gram Positive vs Gram Negative Bacteria

    • Gram-positive bacteria: thick cell wall, peptidoglycan 40-90%, no outer layer, flat surface, periplasmic space is absent.
    • Gram-negative bacteria: thin cell wall, peptidoglycan 5-10%, outer layer-lipopolysaccharide, waving surface, periplasmic space is present.

    Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane

    • Main components: phospholipid and proteins.
    • Functions:
      • Regulate the passage of substances into and out of the cell
      • Agent for selective transport or uptake of material

    External Structures

    • Flagella: used for movement, arrangement can vary.
    • Fimbriae: used for attachment of cell to a surface.
    • Pili: used for bacteria conjugation involved in DNA transfer.
    • Capsule/Slime Layer: protects the cell from desiccation, prevents phagocytosis, and helps in adhesion or attachment.

    Overall Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell

    • Prokaryotic cell: lacks a true nucleus and has a single circular chromosome.
    • Eukaryotic cell: has a true nucleus and linear chromosomes.

    Flagella Arrangement

    • There are four arrangements of flagella: monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, and peritrichous.

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    Description

    Learn about the two main categories of cells, Prokaryot and Eukaryot, and the 7 characteristics of living cells. Understand the differences between cells with or without a true nucleus.

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