Cell Biology: Structures and Functions
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the primary function of the cell surface membrane?

  • To synthesize proteins for secretion.
  • To regulate the transport of substances into and out of the cell. (correct)
  • To generate energy through aerobic respiration.
  • To provide structural support to the cell.

    • What is the main role of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

  • To produce ribosomes. (correct)
  • To control the exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • To store genetic information.
  • To synthesize lipids and steroids.

    • The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with which organelle?

  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosome
  • Golgi body
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Protein synthesis for secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi body?

    <p>To package and process molecules, such as proteins from the RER. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the reactions of aerobic respiration take place within the mitochondria?

    <p>In the matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>80S (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT associated with lysosomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are microtubules made of?

    <p>Tubulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of centrioles?

    <p>To produce cilia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure greatly increases the surface area of cells for absorption and secretion?

    <p>Microvilli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is chlorophyll located within the chloroplast?

    <p>In the thylakoid membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cell wall in plant cells?

    <p>To provide structural support and protection to the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?

    <p>To link neighboring plant cells, allowing for transport and communication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of the tonoplast?

    <p>Controls exchange between the vacuole and cytoplasm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cell Surface Membrane

    Thin membrane surrounding the cytoplasm, controlling material exchange.

    Nucleus

    Large structure containing chromosomes and nucleolus, surrounded by a double membrane.

    Nuclear Envelope

    Double membrane surrounding the nucleus, with pores for exchange.

    Nucleolus

    Region inside the nucleus responsible for ribosome production using DNA.

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    Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

    ER with ribosomes on its surface; involved in protein production and processing.

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    Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

    ER without ribosomes; involved in lipid production, detoxification, and calcium storage.

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    Golgi Body

    Membrane structure that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.

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    Mitochondria

    Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell where aerobic respiration occurs.

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    Ribosomes

    Structures for protein synthesis found free in cytoplasm or on the rough ER.

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    Lysosomes

    Membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes for waste removal.

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    Microtubules

    Hollow tubes made of tubulin protein providing structure and transport in cells.

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    Chloroplasts

    Organelles in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll.

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    Cell Wall

    Rigid structure providing support and protection in plant cells, made of cellulose.

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    Large Permanent Vacuole

    A fluid-filled sac in plant cells for storage and maintaining turgidity.

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    Cytoplasm

    Jelly-like substance in cells, holding organelles and allowing movement of materials.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Surface Membrane

    • Extremely thin, surrounds the cytoplasm of cells
    • Controls the exchange between the cell and its environment, regulating the movement of nutrients and waste products
    • Partially permeable

    Nucleus

    • Large, intensely staining structure due to chromatin
    • Contains chromosomes (DNA) and nucleolus
    • Double layered membrane (nuclear envelope) with pores

    Nuclear Envelope

    • Double membrane surrounding the nucleus
    • Outer membrane connects to the endoplasmic reticulum
    • Contains nuclear pores, controlling the exchange between the nucleus and cytoplasm

    Nucleolus

    • Composed of proteins, RNA, and DNA
    • Function: ribosome production; uses information from its own DNA
    • Contains genes for rRNA and tRNA

    Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • Surface covered with ribosomes
    • Involved in the production and processing of proteins destined for secretion

    Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • Lipid and steroid production
    • Hormone synthesis (e.g., estrogen, testosterone)
    • Calcium ion storage
    • Carbohydrate metabolism
    • Detoxification of drugs and poisons

    Golgi Body

    • Single membrane-lined sacs filled with liquid and nutrients
    • Processes molecules (proteins) received from the endoplasmic reticulum
    • Packages and modifies molecules for secretion by packaging them into vesicles
    • Vesicles can bud off and take contents to other parts of the cell or to the cell membrane for secretion.

    Mitochondria

    • Number varies depending on tissue and energy requirements
    • Site of aerobic respiration
    • Reactions take place in the matrix, a nutrient-rich liquid containing enzymes
    • Contain small circular DNA (coding for some proteins)

    Ribosomes

    • Mostly bound to the rough ER, but also free-floating in the cytoplasm and within other organelles
    • Site of protein synthesis
    • Eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes, while prokaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes
    • Composed of proteins and rRNA, allowing all molecules involved in protein synthesis to come together

    Lysosomes

    • Single membrane-bound sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes
    • Role in endocytosis and exocytosis
    • Function in breaking down unwanted cell components and waste products

    Microtubules

    • Long, hollow, rigid tubes made of tubulin protein
    • Form the structural framework of the cytoskeleton
    • Important in cell division/movement (forming spindle fibers)

    Centrioles

    • Pair of centrioles near the nucleus, perpendicular to each other
    • Involved in the formation of spindle fibers during cell division

    Cilia

    • Hair-like projections from the cell surface
    • Move cells and transport fluids
    • Composed of central microtubules and surrounding microtubule doublets

    Microvilli

    • Tiny finger-like extensions of the cell surface membrane
    • Significantly increases surface area for absorption and secretion

    Chloroplasts

    • Membrane-bound organelle containing chlorophyll
    • Site of photosynthesis
    • Contain thylakoid stacks (grana) and stroma
    • Contain small circular DNA

    Cell Wall

    • Provides structural support and protection to plant cells
    • Prevents cells from bursting
    • Composed of cellulose fibres

    Plasmodesmata

    • Channels of cytoplasm connecting plant cells
    • Allows communication and substance transport between cells

    Large Permanent Vacuole

    • Surrounded by a tonoplast
    • Contains fluid with pigments, sugars, and enzymes
    • Storage, food reserves, and waste disposal
    • Contributes to plant turgidity and structural support

    Cytoplasm

    • Jelly-like matrix of dissolved nutrients
    • Contains organelles, sugars, amino acids, and proteins for growth and reproduction
    • Facilitates movement of materials, maintains cell shape, and facilitates interactions between organelles

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    This quiz covers key concepts in cell biology, focusing on various cell structures such as the cell membrane, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum. Test your knowledge on the functions and characteristics of these essential cellular components.

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