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Questions and Answers
Which type of receptor does not use a secondary messenger?
What is the function of Grb2 and Sos adaptor proteins?
What is the consequence of adrenaline binding to the α1-adrenergic receptor?
What is the role of Ras in the EGF signalling pathway?
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What is an example of convergence in cell signalling?
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What is the role of MAPKK in the Ras-MAP kinase pathway?
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What is the function of PKA in the adrenaline signalling pathway?
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What is the consequence of EGF binding to the EGF receptor?
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What is the primary function of transmembrane receptors in signal transduction pathways?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a second messenger?
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What is the primary role of G proteins in signal transduction pathways?
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Which of the following is an example of a metabolic process regulated via intracellular signalling?
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What is the primary role of phospholipase C in signal transduction pathways?
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Which of the following is an example of a cellular response to an extracellular signal?
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What is the primary function of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in signal transduction pathways?
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Which of the following is an example of an extracellular signal?
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What is the result of the binding of a signal molecule to a β-adrenergic receptor?
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What is the function of the α subunit in the G-protein complex?
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What is the result of GTP hydrolysis to GDP in the G-protein complex?
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What is the role of the G-protein in the β-adrenergic receptor signalling pathway?
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What is the result of the dissociation of the G-protein complex?
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What is the role of GDP in the G-protein complex?
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Which of the following hormone types binds to a receptor in the cytosol and triggers a response inside the cell?
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What is the result of the binding of acetylcholine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor?
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What is the function of the DNA binding domain in steroid hormones?
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What is the consequence of the binding of steroid hormone to its receptor?
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What is the role of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in cell signalling?
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What is the consequence of the activation of adenylyl cyclase by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
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What is the function of the hormone binding domain in steroid hormones?
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What is the consequence of the activation of phospholipase C by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
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What is the consequence of GTP hydrolysis in the G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway?
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What is the role of the regulatory subunit in the cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway?
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What is the consequence of phosphorylase kinase activation in the glycogen breakdown pathway?
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What is the role of phosphodiesterase in the cAMP signalling pathway?
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What is the consequence of CREB phosphorylation in the cAMP signalling pathway?
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What is the role of Gαq in the GPCR signalling pathway?
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What is the role of IP3 in the GPCR signalling pathway?
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What is the consequence of DAG and Ca2+ activation in the GPCR signalling pathway?
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What is the role of cAMP in the signal amplification pathway?
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What is the consequence of PKA activation in the signal amplification pathway?
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Study Notes
Receptor Activation of Phospholipase C
- α1-adrenergic (adrenaline) receptor directly activates enzymatic kinase cascade without secondary messenger
- Binding of EGF triggers autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues in cytoplasmic domain of receptor (Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, RTK)
- Adaptor proteins containing phosphotyrosine binding domains (SH2 and PTB) bind to receptor
- Complex of Grb2, Sos, and receptor activates Ras, a monomeric G-protein
- Ras triggers a kinase cascade (Ras-MAP kinase pathway) that activates transcription factor
G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR)
- Generate cAMP, leading to activation of PKA
- Generate IP3, DAG, and Ca2+, leading to activation of PKC
- α-subunit of G-protein interacts with effector enzymes
- G-proteins can trigger different pathways, causing convergence and cross-talk
Intracellular Signalling
- Cells respond to extracellular signals through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
- GPCR can trigger different pathways, leading to convergence and cross-talk
- Different signals can trigger different pathways, causing overlap and cross-talk
Teaching Objectives
- Describe different ways for cells to signal to each other
- Explain the term 'second messenger' and give examples
- Describe the importance of transmembrane receptors and their associated signalling pathways in controlling gene activity
- Give examples of the roles of G proteins, cAMP, phospholipase C, diacylglycerol, inositol triphosphate (IP3), and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) in signal transduction pathways
- Outline a metabolic regulated via intracellular signalling
- Recognise that overlap of signalling pathways can occur
- Beware that intracellular signalling is important in the action of drugs
Cellular Responses
- Change metabolic activities
- Secrete and release molecules
- Changes in gene expression
- Sensory perception
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Description
This quiz covers the activation of phospholipase C and receptor tyrosine kinase, including the binding of EGF and autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues.