Cell Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of homeostasis in cells?

  • To maintain a constant internal environment despite external changes. (correct)
  • To regulate the synthesis of proteins.
  • To create new genetic material.
  • To increase the speed of cell division.
  • Which of the following is NOT a morphological feature found in a metaphase chromosome?

  • Secondary constriction
  • Centromere
  • Telomeres
  • Nucleolus (correct)
  • What is the main difference between exons and introns?

  • Exons code for proteins, while introns do not. (correct)
  • Introns regulate gene expression, while exons do not.
  • Exons are found in prokaryotic cells, while introns are found in eukaryotic cells.
  • Exons are transcribed, while introns are not.
  • What is the role of a promoter sequence in gene expression?

    <p>It regulates the rate of transcription. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about DNA replication is TRUE?

    <p>The process is essential for cell division and growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the banding pattern observed in chromosomes?

    <p>It aids in identifying and classifying chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major component of the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Phospholipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

    <p>To amplify specific DNA sequences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nuclear basket?

    <p>To regulate the movement of proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can cells regulate the sets of proteins they produce?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the water molecule results in its uneven charge distribution?

    <p>The unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen atoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of membrane lipids?

    <p>They are primarily composed of carbohydrates and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of spontaneous mutations?

    <p>They can lead to genetic variations within a population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions might a cell enter the G0 phase?

    <p>When the cell is damaged or stressed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a centromere located near the end of a chromosome?

    <p>It creates a shorter arm and a longer arm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>They cut DNA at specific recognition sites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the lipid tail in the cell membrane?

    <p>To connect to the hydrophobic part of the membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid?

    <p>Unsaturated fatty acids have a double bond, while saturated fatty acids do not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four families of small organic molecules? (Check all that apply)

    <p>Saccharides (A), Fatty acids (B), Amino acids (C), Nucleotides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a process that requires a DNA template?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of all individuals of the same species, same sex, and good health?

    <p>Phenotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of long-distance communication between cells?

    <p>Gap junctions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nucleolus during protein synthesis?

    <p>It produces ribosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between transcription and translation?

    <p>Transcription creates mRNA, while translation creates proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>Saturated fatty acids contain a single bond, while unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the internal membrane between the two monolayers?

    <p>It regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primers in DNA replication?

    <p>Primers provide a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin replication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Polymerase α (alpha) in DNA replication?

    <p>To add nucleotides to the 5' end of the new DNA strand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of converting cytosine to uracil called?

    <p>Deamination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of regulatory sequences in gene expression?

    <p>They control the rate of transcription of a gene. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics applies to unipotent cells?

    <p>They can only differentiate into one specific cell type. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nuclear envelope breaking down during mitosis?

    <p>It allows the chromosomes to condense and align at the metaphase plate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of activator proteins regarding gene expression?

    <p>They bind to enhancer sequences, facilitating gene transcription. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the ectoderm during embryonic development?

    <p>Development of the brain and nervous system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the leading strand during DNA replication?

    <p>It is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of euchromatin?

    <p>It stains darkly with certain dyes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibiotics in a biological context?

    <p>To eliminate non-functional or undesired bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of transcription regulatory proteins in gene expression?

    <p>They can either activate or repress gene transcription. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, which polymerase is primarily responsible for synthesizing Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand?

    <p>Polymerase δ (delta) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of kinetochores during mitosis?

    <p>To attach chromosomes to the mitotic spindle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of the endoderm germ layer?

    <p>It forms the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of primers in PCR?

    <p>To provide a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the forward and reverse primers in PCR?

    <p>To attach to opposite sides of the DNA strands and allow for amplification of a specific DNA region (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of spontaneous mutations?

    <p>Production of antibodies against specific pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Nuclear Basket

    The structure facilitating selective transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

    Protein Regulation

    Cells can control which proteins are present by selective processes.

    Water Molecule Structure

    A water molecule consists of one oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms, forming an angle.

    Membrane Lipids

    Fat molecules that form a bilayer, essential for cell membrane structure.

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    Spontaneous Mutations

    Natural changes in DNA that can happen without external influence.

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    G0 Phase

    A non-dividing state where cells can enter when not ready to divide.

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    Acrocentric Chromosome

    A chromosome with the centromere located near one end, creating a long and a short arm.

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    Restriction Enzymes

    Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, used in genetic engineering.

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    Homeostasis

    The process by which cells maintain internal balance despite external changes.

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    Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

    A series of phases that eukaryotic cells go through, typically consisting of four distinct phases.

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    Phosphodiester Bond

    A type of bond that connects nucleotides in DNA and RNA, essential for forming the backbone of the strand.

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    PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

    A technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, making millions of copies of a particular segment.

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    Morphological Features of Chromosomes

    Characteristics of chromosomes in metaphase, including length, position of centromere, and arms.

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    Gene Structure

    A gene typically consists of coding regions (exons), non-coding regions (introns), and regulatory elements (promoters, enhancers).

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    Nuclear Envelope

    The double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus, consisting of an outer and inner membrane with a perinuclear space.

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    Nucleotide Joining Direction

    New nucleotides can only be added to a growing strand in a specific direction, from 5' to 3'.

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    Saturated Fatty Acids

    Fats with only single bonds between carbon atoms.

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    Unsaturated Fatty Acids

    Fats with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

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    Polymerase α (alpha)

    An enzyme that adds 20-30 nucleotides to a primer during DNA replication.

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    Transcription

    The process of producing a single-stranded pre-mRNA from DNA.

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    Cytosine to Uracil

    The conversion of cytosine in RNA, replacing it with uracil during transcription.

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    Regulatory Sequences

    DNA sequences that require activation by proteins to function.

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    Ectoderm

    The outermost layer of the embryo that develops into sensory structures and the nervous system.

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    Inner Monolayer

    The internal layer of a structure, often sandwiching other layers.

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    Transcription process

    The process by which DNA is copied to produce RNA.

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    Gene sample

    A segment of DNA used for cloning or expression.

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    Plasmid backbone

    The vector used to carry a foreign gene in cloning experiments.

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    Four families of organic molecules

    Includes saccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.

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    Lipid tail

    A hydrophobic part of a lipid that anchors it in membranes.

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    DNA template

    A strand of DNA that is used to create an RNA strand during transcription.

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    Communication in biology

    Can occur at various distances, including local and distant signaling.

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    Extra-embryonic structures

    Tissues that develop from the embryo but are not part of it, like the placenta.

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    Activator proteins

    Proteins that bind to enhancer sequences to promote gene expression.

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    Repressor proteins

    Proteins that bind to silencer sequences to inhibit gene expression.

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    Unipotent stem cells

    Cells that can differentiate into only one specialized cell type.

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    DNA proofreading

    The process of checking and correcting errors in DNA synthesis.

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    Chromosome alignment

    The process during cell division where chromosomes align at the spindle equator.

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    Antibiotics

    Substances used to eliminate harmful bacteria while preserving beneficial ones.

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    Chromosomes

    Thread-like structures made of DNA that carry genetic information.

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    Mitotic spindle

    Structure that separates chromosomes during cell division.

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    Translation

    The process of converting mRNA into a protein.

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    Polimerases δ and ε

    Enzymes that synthesize DNA, focusing on different strands during replication.

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    Kinetochores

    Protein structures on chromosomes for spindle attachment during mitosis.

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    Okazaki fragments

    Short DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand during replication.

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    Study Notes

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products.
    • The overall equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

    Stages of Cellular Respiration

    • Glycolysis: Takes place in the cytoplasm. Breaks down glucose into pyruvate. Produces a small amount of ATP and NADH.
    • Pyruvate Oxidation: Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA. Produces NADH.
    • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl-CoA is oxidized, releasing carbon dioxide and producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
    • Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation): Takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a chain of proteins, releasing energy that is used to create a proton gradient. The proton gradient is used by ATP synthase to produce a large amount of ATP. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

    Types of Cellular Respiration

    • Aerobic respiration: Requires oxygen
    • Anaerobic respiration: Does not require oxygen. Includes fermentation.

    Fermentation

    • Two main types:
      • Lactic acid fermentation: Occurs in some bacteria and animal cells. Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid.
      • Alcoholic fermentation: Occurs in some yeasts and plants. Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.

    Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars.
    • The overall equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

    Stages of Photosynthesis

    • Light-dependent reactions: Capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Water is split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
    • Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle): Use the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into sugars.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on essential concepts in cell biology with this quiz. It covers a variety of topics, including gene expression, DNA replication, and cellular structures. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of cellular functions and mechanisms.

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