Cell Biology Quiz

Cell Structure and Function

• Primary function of the nucleus: Houses the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
• Components of cell structure: The cell structure is made up of various components, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and organelles.
• Cells lacking a nucleus: Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, lack a nucleus.
• Cytology: The study of cells.
• Organelle responsible for energy production: Mitochondria.
• Role of ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
• Detoxifying harmful substances: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
• Cell division resulting in identical daughter cells: Mitosis.
• Function of the nuclear envelope: Regulates the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
• Function of the nucleus: The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material (DNA), controls cellular activities, and plays a role in protein synthesis.
• Phospholipids in the plasma membrane: Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head (attracted to water) and a hydrophobic tail (repels water).
• Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane: They act as channels, pumps, receptors, and enzymes, controlling the passage of substances and facilitating cell signaling.
• Plasma membrane functionality: Regulates what enters and exits the cell, maintains cell shape, provides structural support, and facilitates communication with other cells.
• Plasma membrane structure: A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
• Purpose of pores in the nuclear envelope: Allow molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
• Carbohydrates attached to the plasma membrane: They act as recognition sites for other cells and molecules and can play a role in cell-cell interactions.
• Function of lysosomes: Break down waste products, cellular debris, and foreign materials.
• Autophagy: A process of self-eating, where the cell recycles its own components.
• Organizing microtubules during cell division: Centrosomes.
• Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, a controlled process eliminating unwanted or damaged cells.
• Proteins composing microfilaments: Actin.
• Function of the centrosome outside of cell division: Organizing microtubules, providing structural support, and playing a role in intracellular transport.
• Lysosomes during infection: Lysosomes can engulf and destroy invading pathogens.
• Myosin's role in muscle contraction: Myosin interacts with actin filaments, causing muscle contraction.
• Diameter of microfilaments: Typically 6-7 nanometers.
• Destruction of a cell through its own enzymes: Apoptosis.
• Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate: During the metaphase stage of mitosis.
• Chromatin during telophase: Chromatin decondenses, relaxing from its tightly packed state.
• Outcome of meiosis for chromosome number: Reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid.
• Hypoplasia: Incomplete development of an organ or tissue, resulting in underdevelopment.
• Increase in organ volume by cell enlargement: Hypertrophy.
• Separation of sister chromatids: During the anaphase stage of mitosis.
• Transport across cell membranes not requiring energy: Passive transport, such as diffusion and osmosis.
• Outcome of removing abnormal stimuli causing metaplasia: The cell may revert to its original state, or may not.
• Dysplasia: Abnormal cells in terms of size, shape, and organization.
• Cytokinesis beginning: Appearance of a cleavage furrow during cell division.
• Homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I: They pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over.
• Neoplasia: Abnormal cell growth, not always cancerous.
• Key feature of passive transport: Movement of substances across cell membranes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, without requiring cellular energy.
• Atrophy: Reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size or number.
• Result of fertilizing an ovum: A zygote, the first cell of a new individual.
• Difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia: Hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size, while hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number.
• Congenital abnormality: A birth defect or anomaly present at birth.
• Function of the mitotic spindle: Guides the separation of chromosomes during cell division.