Lecture 2 Review

<p>It can provide a detailed 3D view of cells easily. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is more labor-intensive and cannot be used on live samples. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To separate competing biochemical reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluorescence Microscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is difficult to label specific proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To specifically bind to the protein of interest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>494 nm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To permeabilize the cell membrane for antibody access (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure only specifically bound antibodies remain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GFP is sensitive enough to detect very low protein concentrations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can only be performed on fixed (non-living) cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluorescence offers greater sensitivity for detecting target molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell structures are stabilized for visualization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to distinguish two close objects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electron microscope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Micrometer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>400-700 nm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indirect immunofluorescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is less effective at resolving closely spaced structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 20,000 different proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shorter wavelengths provide higher resolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separate the cell from the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoplasm contains organelles, while cytosol is the fluid portion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contains cellular DNA and facilitates replication and transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modification of secretory proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It separates the mitochondrion from the cytosol. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modification of secretory proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They evolved from engulfed organelles of other cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate the transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modify and sort proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is folded into cristae to increase surface area for ATP production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the cytosol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleolus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surface area for ATP production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability to distinguish two objects that are close together. This is determined by the wavelength of the light used for illumination.

Techniques using microscopes to view objects too small to be seen with the naked eye. Light microscopy uses visible light, while electron microscopy uses a beam of electrons.

A type of microscopy that uses visible light to illuminate and visualize objects. It has a lower resolution than electron microscopy, typically resolving objects about 200nm apart.

A microscopy technique that uses a beam of electrons to illuminate and visualize objects. This method has a much higher resolution than light microscopy, resolving objects down to 0.003nm.

A technique used to visualize a specific protein in a cell by using antibodies that bind to the protein of interest. The antibodies are tagged with a fluorescent dye, making the protein visible under a microscope.

The range of sizes relevant to understanding the components of cells. Different units are used to represent these sizes, from millimeters to nanometers.

Light microscopy uses visible light, while electron microscopy uses a beam of electrons. Electron microscopy has much higher resolution than light microscopy, allowing for visualization of smaller structures within a cell.

A common technique is indirect immunofluorescence (IF), where antibodies that bind to the protein of interest are tagged with a fluorescent dye, making the protein visible under a microscope.

Specificity refers to the antibody's ability to bind only to the target protein of interest, the 'antigen'.

Sensitivity is determined by the fluorescence of the antibody, which enables the detection of even small amounts of the target protein.

'Fix' refers to chemically cross-linking the cell. This preserves the cell structure and prevents degradation.

'Permeabilize' means to make the cell membrane permeable to antibodies using a detergent. This allows antibodies to enter the cell.

A 'marker' is a fluorescent molecule that binds to the antibody, allowing the target protein to be visualized.

Indirect immunofluorescence uses a primary antibody that binds to the target protein and a secondary antibody, labeled with a fluorescent molecule, that binds to the primary antibody. This amplifies the signal and increases sensitivity.

Indirect immunofluorescence allows for the visualization of multiple proteins using different colored markers.

GFP, or Green Fluorescent Protein, is a naturally occurring protein that fluoresces green under UV light. It's used as a marker in immunofluorescence.

A technique where the gene for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is combined with the gene for a protein of interest, allowing researchers to visualize the protein's location and activity within cells.

Using GFP-labeled proteins, researchers can identify and track the location and movement of specific organelles within living cells.

A powerful microscope that uses electrons to generate highly detailed images of thin cell samples, revealing internal structures in great detail.

Thin samples are fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in plastic for sectioning. Heavy metals are used to stain biological molecules for better electron scattering and imaging.

Electron microscopy offers higher resolution than light microscopy, but requires complex preparation, limits live cell analysis, and is more challenging for 3D visualization.

Internal membranes in eukaryotic cells create specialized compartments (organelles) that separate different cellular processes, preventing conflicts and enhancing efficiency.

Internal membranes increase the total surface area available for reactions within cells, accommodating larger cells and complex metabolic processes efficiently.

The origins of internal membranes in eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus, ER, Golgi, and other organelles, remain a fascinating mystery in evolutionary biology.

The outer boundary of a cell, separating it from its environment. It controls what enters and leaves the cell, interacts with its surroundings, and plays a crucial role in cell signaling.

Everything inside a cell, except the nucleus. It includes the cytosol and organelles.

The fluid part of the cytoplasm, excluding the organelles. It's a bustling environment where many chemical reactions occur, including protein synthesis.

The control center of the cell, containing the majority of the cell's DNA (genome). It's responsible for replication and transcription.

A double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus, containing nuclear pores which allow the passage of molecules in and out.

An extensive network of interconnected membranes in the cytoplasm, playing a vital role in the synthesis of lipids, membrane proteins, and secreted proteins.

ER sections with ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis.

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs involved in modifying and sorting proteins before they are transported to their destination.

Powerhouses of the cell, generating cellular energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. They have their own DNA and ribosomes.

The outer layer of the mitochondrion, enclosing the inner membrane and matrix.

The inner layer of the mitochondrion, highly folded to form cristae, which are the sites of ATP production.

Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, increasing the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation to occur.

The theory that proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells and established a mutually beneficial relationship.

The genetic material of a cell, contained in the nucleus.