Cell Biology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the three parts of the Cell Theory?

All organisms are multicellular, cells are the structural unit of life, cells can survive independently.

Cells form tissues, all cells have a nucleus, cells must have mitochondria.

Cells can arise spontaneously, cells have no structure, all organisms consist of tissues.

All organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells. (correct)

Which of the following features is unique to eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Genetic Material

Cell Membrane

Mitochondria (correct)

Ribosomes

What is the function of the centriole in a cell?

Synthesizes ribosomal RNA

Facilitates cell division by organizing the spindle fibres (correct)

Conducts photosynthesis

Stores digestive enzymes

Which of the following cells is primarily involved in oxygen transport in the human body?

Red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell undergoes a process called differentiation?

Stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main components of the circulatory system?

Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle tissue is specifically found in the heart?

Cardiac Muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct order that blood flows through the chambers of the heart?

Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes arteries from veins?

Arteries carry blood from the heart to the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major elements of blood?

Bone Cells Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a blockage of an artery that prevents blood flow to heart muscle?

Coronary Artery Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily affected by diabetes?

Digestive System Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the body does the myelin sheath primarily function?

Nerve cells Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing energy for the cell?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

Synthesize proteins Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

S Phase Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes benign tumors from malignant tumors?

Malignant tumors invade nearby tissues, benign do not. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for protecting and maintaining the shape of plant cells?

Cell Wall Signup and view all the answers

What is one requirement for gas exchange to occur in the lungs?

Presence of alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

Package and distribute proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for oxygen transport in the body?

Red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of stem cells?

They can differentiate into various cell types. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of villi in the small intestine?

Absorb nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What are carcinogens known for?

Causing cancer in tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is mechanical digestion?

Physical breakdown of food through actions like chewing. Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is primarily used by the body for energy?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes possess membrane-bound organelles.
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share a cell membrane, genetic material, ribosomes, and cytoplasm.

Cell Theory

All organisms are made of cells.
Cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cells are the structural and functional units of life.

Cell Cycle

Interphase: Cell growth, DNA replication, and preparation for division.
- G1 Phase: Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication.
- S Phase: DNA replicates; two copies of chromosomes are formed.
- G2 Phase: Further cell growth, checks for readiness for division.
Mitosis: Cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.
- Prophase: Breakdown of nuclear envelope, spindle fiber formation, DNA condenses into chromosomes, and sister chromatids join at the centromere.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decondense, and cleavage furrow forms.
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm and plasma membrane divide, forming two daughter cells.

Cell Structures

Chromosome: Thread-like DNA structure carrying genetic information.
Chromatin: DNA and protein complex for packaging and gene regulation.
Sister Chromatids: Two identical copies of a replicated chromosome, joined at the centromere.
Centromere: Region where sister chromatids are joined and spindle fibers attach.
Organelles: Sub-cellular structures with specific functions.
- Nucleus: Controls cell activities.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, generate energy.
- Ribosomes: Assemble proteins.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids.
- Vesicles: Transport materials within the cell.
- Golgi Body: Packages and exports proteins.
- Vacuoles: Storage structures.
- Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape and organelle position.
- Cell Wall: Provides strength and protection (plant cells).
- Chloroplasts: Conduct photosynthesis (plant cells).
- Cell Membrane: Barrier for cell (enters and exits).
- Cytoplasm: Substance that fills the cell, and keeps organelles in place.
- Lysosomes: Digestive sacs of the cell.
- Centrioles: Involved in cell division.

Cancer

Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth.
Benign tumor: Non-cancerous; does not spread.
Malignant tumor: Cancerous; invades surrounding tissues and spreads (metastasis.)
Metastasis: Cancer cells detach from primary tumor, travel in the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and form secondary tumors elsewhere.
Carcinogen: Cancer-causing substance. Examples: alcohol, arsenic, UV rays, diesel exhaust, tobacco.

Specialized Cells

Specialized cells have unique structures and functions.
- Sperm: Fertilization.
- Red Blood Cells: Oxygen transport.
- Egg Cells: Development.
- Villi: Nutrient absorption.

Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems

Tissue: Group of similar cells performing a specific function.
Organ: Group of tissues working together for a common function.
Organ System: Multiple organs functioning together for a complex function.
Levels of Organization (smallest to largest): Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Digestive System

Mechanical digestion: Physical breakdown of food.
Chemical digestion: Enzyme breakdown of food.
Accessory organs: Liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Respiratory System

Gas exchange: Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between alveoli and capillaries.
Factors for efficient gas exchange include a large surface area for exchange and a thin diffusion distance.

Circulatory System

Components: Heart, blood, blood vessels.
Heart Chambers (blood flow order): Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart.
Veins: Carry blood to the heart.
Blood Components: Red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (immune function), platelets (blood clotting), plasma (liquid component).

Musculoskeletal System

Muscles: Move the body.
Bones: Support and protect the body.

Nervous System

Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Nerves connecting CNS to body parts.
Neuron: Nerve cell.

Interactions Between Organ Systems

Digestive and circulatory: Breakdown of food fuels travel in circulation.
Circulatory and respiratory: Oxygenated blood flows to tissues from lungs; return with carbon dioxide.
Respiratory and musculoskeletal: Muscles (diaphragm) facilitate breathing.
Musculoskeletal and nervous: Muscles are controlled by nerves.

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Description

Test your knowledge on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell theory, and the cell cycle. This quiz covers essential concepts such as interphase, mitosis, and the structural components of cells. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding.