Cell Biology Quiz

Cell Structure:
- Plasma membrane: semi-permeable membrane that separates cell from environment
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside cell where metabolic reactions occur
- Nucleus: contains DNA, controls cell growth and division
- Mitochondria: generates energy for cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic reticulum: involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
Cellular Processes:
- Photosynthesis: process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy
- Cellular respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose
- Cell signaling: communication between cells through signaling molecules
- Cell division: process by which cells reproduce, including mitosis and meiosis

M Mendelian Genetics:
- Laws of inheritance: segregation, independent assortment, and dominance
- Genotype: genetic makeup of an individual
- Phenotype: physical expression of genotype
- Dominant and recessive alleles: interactions between different forms of a gene
Molecular Genetics:
- DNA structure: double helix model with sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases
- Gene expression: process by which genetic information is converted into protein
- Mutation: change in DNA sequence that can affect gene function
- Genetic code: sequence of nitrogenous bases that codes for amino acids

Types of Microorganisms:
- Bacteria: prokaryotic cells, single-celled organisms
- Viruses: infectious agents that replicate inside host cells
- Fungi: eukaryotic cells, including yeasts and molds
- Protists: eukaryotic cells, including protozoa and algae
Microbial Processes:
- Fermentation: process by which microorganisms break down organic matter
- Decomposition: process by which microorganisms break down dead organic matter
- Nitrogen cycle: process by which microorganisms convert nitrogen between different forms
- Symbiotic relationships: mutualistic relationships between microorganisms and hosts

Mechanisms of Evolution:
- Natural selection: process by which populations adapt to environment
- Genetic drift: random change in allele frequency
- Mutation: change in DNA sequence that can affect gene function
- Gene flow: movement of genes between populations
Evidence for Evolution:
- Fossil record: chronological record of evolutionary history
- Comparative anatomy: similarities and differences between body structures
- Molecular biology: similarities and differences between DNA and protein sequences
- Biogeography: geographic distribution of species and their evolutionary relationships

Cell Structure:
- Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, allowing certain substances to pass through while keeping others out
- Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic reactions, such as glycolysis and protein synthesis, occur
- Nucleus contains DNA, which controls cell growth and division through transcription and translation
- Mitochondria generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration, converting glucose into ATP
- Endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis, folding, and transport, and is also responsible for lipid synthesis
- Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, where mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain
Cellular Processes:
- Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and converts light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen
- Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and generates energy from glucose, producing ATP and water
- Cell signaling involves communication between cells through signaling molecules, such as hormones and neurotransmitters
- Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis, resulting in two daughter cells with identical genetic material

Mendelian Genetics:
- Laws of inheritance include segregation, independent assortment, and dominance, which describe how alleles are inherited
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual, consisting of two alleles for each gene
- Phenotype is the physical expression of the genotype, resulting from the interaction of genes and environment
- Dominant and recessive alleles interact to produce the phenotype, with dominant alleles masking the effect of recessive alleles
Molecular Genetics:
- DNA structure consists of a double helix model with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases, including adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
- Gene expression involves the transcription of DNA into RNA and the translation of RNA into protein
- Mutation occurs when there is a change in the DNA sequence, which can affect gene function and result in genetic disorders
- Genetic code is the sequence of nitrogenous bases that codes for amino acids, with each sequence of three bases coding for one amino acid

Types of Microorganisms:
- Bacteria are prokaryotic cells, lacking a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Viruses are infectious agents that replicate inside host cells, using the host's machinery to produce more virus particles
- Fungi are eukaryotic cells, including yeasts and molds, which obtain nutrients through decomposition and absorption
- Protists are eukaryotic cells, including protozoa and algae, which are diverse and include both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms
Microbial Processes:
- Fermentation occurs when microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen, producing ATP and metabolic byproducts
- Decomposition occurs when microorganisms break down dead organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the environment
- Nitrogen cycle involves the conversion of nitrogen between different forms, including ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate, which is essential for plant growth
- Symbiotic relationships occur when microorganisms form mutualistic relationships with hosts, such as in the gut microbiome

Mechanisms of Evolution:
- Natural selection occurs when populations adapt to their environment through the selection of individuals with favorable traits
- Genetic drift occurs when there is a random change in allele frequency, resulting in genetic variation
- Mutation occurs when there is a change in the DNA sequence, which can affect gene function and result in genetic variation
- Gene flow occurs when genes move between populations, resulting in genetic variation and increasing genetic diversity
Evidence for Evolution:
- Fossil record provides a chronological record of evolutionary history, with fossils of extinct species found in rock layers
- Comparative anatomy reveals similarities and differences between body structures, indicating a common ancestor
- Molecular biology reveals similarities and differences between DNA and protein sequences, indicating a common ancestor
- Biogeography shows the geographic distribution of species and their evolutionary relationships, indicating a common ancestor